Hendra Flashcards
- Where did Hendra disease first break out?
a. Australia
- What was Hendra formaly called?
a. Equine morbillivirus
- What family does Hendra virus belong?
a. Paramyxoviridae
- What type of geneic material does the Hendra virus have?
a. single-stranded RNA virus
- what genus is Hendra?
a. Henipavirus
- What shape are henipavirus?
a. multishappled
b. 4-600nm in diameter
- What proteins are contained within the Hendra virus?
a. F: fusion proteins: trimers
b. G: glycoproteins: Hetromers
c. N: nucleocapsid
d. L: Polymerase
e. P: Phosphoprotein
f. M: Matric Protein
- What receptors does the Hendra virus attach to?
a. Ephrin: B1, B2, B3
- Whenever the F: fusion proteins fuse with the cell, it results in the cell fusion to? And what does this create?
a. Neighbouring cells
b. Multi nucleated syncytia
- What cells does the Hendra virus have an affinity for?
a. Epithelial cells
- What other illnesses does the Hendra virusfamily have?
a. Mumps and measles
b. – Rinderpest virus
c. – Human parainfluenza virus
d. – Canine distemper virus
- How long after infection does the cells start too break up and become damage?
a. 18 hours some damage.
b. 24 hours major damage
- ______ ADE: First recognised outbreak in ________ Australia
a. 1994
b. Brisbane
- In the 1994 initial out break. ______ horse got sick and ______ died. _____ hooman got sick and _____ hooman died. How many horses survived with neurological issues? How many dies but were seroconversion?
a. 21
b. 14
c. 2
d. 1
e. 3
f. 3
- ______ADE: marked the ______ human fatality: the person assisted in the post mortum in the _______ADE outbreak
a. 1995
b. 2nd
c. 199
- ______: horse fatality in _______ Australia. ______ horse infected and _______ cats
a. 1999
b. 2,000
c. 546
- What is seroconversion?
a. Seroconversion is a sign that the immune system is reacting to the presence of the virus in the body. It’s also the point at which the body produces antibodies to HIV. Once seroconversion has happened, an HIV test will detect antibodies and give a positive result.
- What does AAHL stand for?
a. Australian Animal Health Laboratory
- The AAHL tried to figure out the transmission: studied on many animals and found that _______ and horses present at all sites?
a. Flying foxes: pteroupus species
- What else is a flying fax referred to.
a. Fruit bats
- Out of 240 samples how many flying foxes were seropositive?
a. 20
- What is the natural reseviour of Hendra?
a. Flying foxes
- What country is the Hendra virus located?
a. Australia
- Are bats asymptomatic or presenting?
a. Asymptomatic
- What 4 new viruses does fruit bats carry?
a. Hendra
b. Nipah
c. Menangle
d. Tioman
- What year did Hendra develop a vaccine? And by who? How doe sit work? What age can horses use?
a. Equivac
b. Pfizer
c. Immune response to the Gprotin on virus: blocking the adhering to the horse cells
d. 4 months+
- How is the vaccnine administered? How often do they need to be given after initial vaccines?
a. Initial
b. 2nd: 3-6 weeks
c. 3rd: 6months after 2nd
d. Annual booster
- Geographic distribution of Hendra from 1994-2009
a. 1994 Brisbane & McCay
b. 1999: Cairns
c. 2004: Cairns, Townville,
d. 2006: peachester: Murwillumbah
e. 2007: peachester
f. 2008: Proserpine: Brisbane
i. 1 died
g. 2009: Cawarral
- What were the instances from 2011 -2021
a. 2011 - 23 Horse fatalities – NSW/QSLD- 1 dog tested positive
b. • 2012 - 10 horse fatalities - NSW
c. • 2013 - (Jan-July) – 8 horse fatalities, 1 dog Hendra +Ve NSW/Queensland
d. • 2014 – 3 horse fatalities Queensland
e. • 2015 – 1 horse fatality Queensland
f. • 2016 – July & Dec NSW
g. • 2017 – May-Aug NSW 4 cases
h. • 2018 – Sep horse euthanized NSW
i. • 2019 – June – 1 horse fatality NSW
j. • 2020 – June – 1 horse fatality NSW
k. • 2021 – NSW – 1 horse fatality NSW
- In 2013 what other animal besides, humans, horse and flying fox was diagnosed?
a. Dogs
- What time of year does the disease seem more prevalent?
a. May-Aug
b. With a peak in June and July
- When does it not occur in flying fox?
a. March, April, and nov
- What factors led to the peaks in the June and July?
a. Flying fox giving birth
- What is the transmission in Humans?
a. Likely mode of transmission
i. – Direct contact with fluids from infected horses
b. Unlikely modes of transmission
i. – Respiratory
ii. – Human-to-human
iii. – Bat-to-human
- Who is at highest risk?
a. Vets and animal workers
- What is the mode of transmission from bat to horse?
a. Mode of transmission from bats to horses unknown
b. – Virus excreted in
i. urine and saliva
c. – Horse may contract virus by ingestion of contaminated feed
d. – Tick vector has been proposed
- Where are there cases?
a. Australia
- What is the human disease manifestation?
a. Flu-like symptoms
b. – Fever
i. – Myalgia
ii. – Headaches
iii. – Vertigo
c. Pneumonitis
i. – Rapid progression to respiratory failure
d. Meningoencephalitis
- What is the incubation period?
a. Incubation period 4-18 days
b. May be up to a year
- What boidly fluids contain the virus?
a. Nasal fluid respiratory etc.
- Can infection be passed to a person before clinical signs in the horse?
a. Yes 72 hours before clinical signs
- How is it diagnosed?
a. ELISA
b. Immunoperoxidase– Formulin fixed tissues
c. Virus isolation
d. Virus neutralization– Detect antibodies
e. PCR
- What is the treatment and prognoses?
a. Intensive supportive care
b. Ribavirin– May decrease duration & severity of disease
i. – Clinical usefulness uncertain
c. Prognosis uncertain due to lack of cases
- What is the manifestation in horses?
Depression, pyrexia, dyspnea,
b. tachycardia
c. Initial nasal discharge
i. – Clear to serosanguinous
d. Sudden death 1-3 days after Onset
- What is the incubation period in horses?
a. Incubation: 8-16 days
b. – Can be asymptomatic during incubation but shed virus
- Who were all the initial horses infected?
a. All female
b. Thorough breeds, paddock fed
- Horses intentially given a large viral load had what happen?
a. Injected mucous membranes,
b. cyanotic border
c. Dependant oedema
d. Head pressing
e. Ataxia
f. Frothy nasal discharge
- What animla s can be affected but only in laboratory setting?
a. Cats and guinea pigs
- What animals showed no infection n a lab setting?
a. Dogs
b. Chickens
c. Rats
d. Mice
- What prevention measures are there physical?
a. Don’t plant trees that attract flying foxes in/near horse paddocks
b. Seek veterinary advice before bringing sick horses on to property
c. Don’t move sick horse off the property until given all clear from vet & keep isolated from people & other animals
d. Designate quarantine area where sick horses can be isolated
e. Wash hands after & between handling individual horses - prevent spread of Hendra virus infection
f. VACCINATE HORSES
- What prevention is there or treatment/control?
a. Hendra virus sensitive to heat & chemical disinfection
b. Autoclave/boil all articles/instruments used to treat animals/patients
c. 1% sodium hypochlorite solution
d. Sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) granules
- What is a human issue with infected horse and their handler?
a. Horse dies: people didn’t get them vaccinated
b. Stay with horses when they are sick
c. Not wearing appropriate ~PPE
- What is the current status of Hendra?
a. Vets now refusing to treat unvaccinated horses showing HeV infection in Queensland
b. Many vets left equine practice
c. Pony clubs & horse associations – mandatory vaccination for all equines attending shows/events
d. Antibody trials underway for humans
- What issues are there with the culling of the flying fox?
a. Take up rate of equine vaccine surprisingly low
b. Horse – owners want bats culled: Unlikely to have any real impact
c. Eradication of flying foxes would pose extraordinary operational challenges
d. Moral, ethical & environmental issues
e. Eliminating the interface between bats & horses is impractical for periurban & rural communities
- How many bats are tehere in Australian towns?
a. Over 250,000
- What draws bats into the town?
a. Many explanations forwarded
i. - drawn by native flora
ii. - driven in by habitat destruction
iii. - Exotic plant species which fruit/flower all year round
- Hendra as a biological weapon?
a. Limited knowledge of Hendra virus or disease transmission
b. Serious consequences if outbreak occurs
c. Suspected high mortality rate and lack of treatment
