giardia Flashcards
1
Q
- What other names does Giardia disease go by?
A
a. Giardia Enteritis
b. Lambliasis
c. Beaver Fever
2
Q
- Giardia intestinalis is a ___________ parasite.
A
a. Protozoal
3
Q
- What other names does Giardia intestinalis go by?
A
a. Giardia lamblia
b. • Lamblia intestinalis
c. • Giardia duodenalis
4
Q
- What is the main reseviour of Giardia intestinalis?
A
a. Humans
5
Q
- What types of biardia are known in other animals?
A
a. Rodents – G. muris
b. • Birds – G. muris, G. ardae, G. psittaci
c. • Reptiles – G. muris
d. • Amphibians – G. agilis
6
Q
- In 1681, ___________ was the first to observe the giardia trophozoite
A
a. Van Leeuwenhoek
7
Q
- The giardia trophozoits was describes ________ years after initial discovery by Vilem lanbl.
A
a. 200
8
Q
- Giardia was confirmed a pathogen in what year?
A
a. 1970
9
Q
Giardia has been assigned _________ assembleges.
A
7
10
Q
- Who is at highest risk of giardia?
A
a. Children
b. Tourists
c. Swimmers
11
Q
- What percentage of people get infected with giardia in the developed world each year?
A
a. 2& aduclt
b. 6-8% children
c. >15% LMIC (Low to middle income families)
12
Q
- Naïve populations to giardia have a _____% morbidity rate.
A
a. 20%
13
Q
- Infections can resolve _________-.
A
a. Spontaneously
14
Q
- Who is at risk of chrnic infection?
A
a. Immunodificent and immunocompetent
15
Q
- What is the observed prevalence rate in animals? (6)
A
a. Puppies: 20-35%
b. • Kittens: 10-15%
c. • Foals: 17-32%
d. • Calves: 5-90%
e. • Lambs: 6-80%
f. • Pigs: 7-44%
16
Q
- In 1998 there was a giardia out break aboard a ________, there were ________ people affected, contamination of water thought to be from a bunker in an ___________ port. The levels of ________ were to low.
A
a. US Naval Ship
b. Indoneasia
c. Chlorine
17
Q
- There are two stages of the giardia parasite what are they?
A
a. Cyst
b. Trophozoite
18
Q
- Describe a giardia cyst.
A
a. Cyst- 8-14 x 7-10 μm
b. • 4 nuclei
c. • Excysts to produce 2 Trophozoites
19
Q
- Describe the giardia trophozoite.
A
a. Trophozoite- 5-7 x 10-12 μm
b. • 2 nuclei
c. • Large sucking disc- ventral side
20
Q
- How is the trophozoite cyst transmitted?
A
a. Cysts
b. • Direct transmission
c. • Fomites
d. • Contaminated water and/or food
e. • Ingested cysts release trophozoites
f. • Trophozoites multiply & encyst in intestines
g. • Excreted in faeces
21
Q
- What conditions can a giardia cyst survive and what are they susceptible to?
A
a. Survive well in cool, moist conditions
b. Remain viable for months in cold water
c. Two months at 8oC
d. One month at 21oC
e. Can also survive freezing
f. Susceptible to desiccation and direct sunlight
22
Q
- What is the lifecycle of the giardia cyst?
A
a. Cysts responsible for transmission
b. Cysts & trophozoites found in faeces
c. Ingested by host
d. Importance of animal reservoirs unclear
23
Q
- What is the incubation period of giardia?
A
a. 1-25 days
24
Q
- How do most giardia infections present?
A
a. Asymptomatic
25
24. What are the clinical symptoms of giardia?
a. Mild to severe gastrointestinal signs
b. • Sudden onset diarrhoea
c. • Foul-smelling stools
d. • Abdominal cramps
e. • Bloating, flatulence
f. • Nausea, fatigue
g. • Weight loss
26
25. How long does the illness of a giardia infection last?
a. 1-2 weeks
27
26. How long can the chronic infection of giardia last?
a. Months to years
28
Imunocommpetent people can build up an immunity to further infections (t/f)
True
29
27. Giardia infection, particularly when chronic can cause issues such as (5)?
a. Malabsorbtion of nutrients
b. Viatamin difficencies
c. Weightloss
d. Debilitiation
e. Disaccharide intolerance
30
28. How is giardia diagnosed?
a. Direct observation in faeces
b. Trophozoites
i. “Tear drop” shape
ii. Two nuclei & tumbling mobility
c. Cysts
i. Approximately 13 microns long
ii. Oval with 2-4 nuclei
d. Immunofluorescence
e. ELISA, PCR
31
29. What are the treatment of giardia, and chronic giardia?
a. Anti-protozoal drugs
i. - Metronidazole
ii. - Tinidazole
iii. - Ornidazole
iv. - Paromomycin
v. - Nitazoxanide
b. • Chronic cases
i. - May be resistant
ii. - Prolonged therapy may be necessary
32
30. What animal species are affected by giardia?
a. Domestic animals
i. • Dogs, cats, ruminants
ii. • Horses & pigs
iii. • Others
b. • Wild animals
i. • Beavers
ii. • Others
33
31. How does giardia manifest in animals?
a. Most infections asymptomatic
b. Clinical signs may include:
i. • Acute, chronic, or intermittent diarrhoea
ii. • Poor coat quality
iii. • Flatulence
iv. • Weight loss/failure to gain
v. • Light-colored mucoid stools
1. May contain undigested fat
34
32. Giardia typically doesn’t result in gross lessions (T/F)•
a. True
35
33. How giardia diagnosed?
a. Microscopic exam of faeces
i. - Stained preparations
ii. - Unstained wet mounts
b. • Cysts or trophozoites may be identified
36
34. What treatment is there for giardia in animals?
a. Fenbendazole
b. • Albendazole
c. • Metronidazole
d. • Tinidazole
e. • Others
37
35. How is giardia prevented?
a. Water
i. Do not drink contaminated water
b. - Untreated water sources
i. •Treat water before consumption
ii. • Boil water – for one minute
iii. • Filter (absolute pore size of one micron)
iv. • Chlorinate
c. • Food
i. • Wash all raw fruit and vegetables
d. Practice good hygiene
i. •Hand washing
e. •Don’t swim in recreationalwaters for at least two weeks after symptoms end
f. •Avoid faecal exposure
g. Limit environmental contamination
i. - Remove faeces promptly & clean surfaces
ii. • Keep pets indoors
h. • Vaccination- Dogs and cats
38
36. What human impacts have increased risk of giardia infection?
a. Climate change
i. • Deforestation
ii. • Conversion to farmland
iii. • Different composition of bodies of water
iv. • Wildlife carriers forced into closer human proximity
b. • Human movement
i. • Population growth- encroach on wildlife
ii. • Crowded areas - poor water quality/sanitation procedures
c. • Water control projects: dams, reservoirs
i. • Large-scale breeding areas
39
Is the number of giardia cases increasing in Northern ireland?
yes
40
The rise in cases of giardia is aas a result of foreign travel (T/F)
False
41
Which countries have the hiest prevelance of travel associated giardia?
```
India
spain
pakastan
thailand
turkey
egypt
cyprus
morrocco
tunisia
```
42
How long do the cycsts need to be exposed to chlorine for?
45 minutes
43
How do the trophozoites moves (2)?
8 flagella and tumble
44
How many cycts does it take to get infected?
1-10
45
In normal shiiiiites, what stage is most commonly passed?
cyst
46
What is another name for giardiasis?
Giardia Enteritis
Lambliasis
Beaver Fever
47
Giardiasis is the most commonly reported intestinal disease world wide? t/F
True
48
What giardia is only found in budgeys?
G. psittaci
49
What giardia can you only find in blue herring?
G. ardae
50
Giardias is calssified under ____ assembledges and are designated ___ to _--? What is that based on?
a. 7
b. a-g
c. glutamate dehydrogenase gene
d. small unit RNA
e. triosephosphate isomerase genes
51
What percentage of people can develop a chronic infection?
4%
52
Can anyone develop a chronic infection?
yes
53
What practice happens with foals that increases the spread of giardia?
calves eat the momma shite
54
Why is lambs and calves so high in the catching of giarsia?
Intensive farming, stolen from momma, then stressed and more like ly to get sick from being in close quarters.
55
2-6% of dogs and cats are carriers... why?
puppy farms
56
Putting dogs into a kennel can lead to infection in domestic animals why?
stress reduces the immune sysytem
57
Why are the numbers of infections going up in UK and Ireland?
what is it not from?
climate change not travel
58
How many flagella does a giardia have?
8
59
How many cycts does it take to create an infection
1-2
| 10 more likely
60
How many cycts are excreted daily?
1-10 million
61
how are trophozoites released?
big ole explosive shites
62
What is the characteristic smell of the shite stuff? what does it look like? what is commonly not in the shite stuff?
a. eggs: hydrogen sulphide
b. scrammbled eggs
c. bloods
63
What is uncommon in the infection?
vommitting or fever
64
What persentage of people develop a disacharide intolerance when infected? most common disaccharide?
20-40%
| Lactose
