Leptospira Flashcards
- What shape is Leptospira?
a. Spirochete
- Leptospira is a Gram _______?
a. negative
- Leptospira is an _________ aerobe.
a. Obligate
- Leptospira has __________ ends and has ________ flagella.
a. Hooked
b. Axial
- Leptospira is motile (T/F)
a. True
- How many serovars of Leptospira are there?
a. >250
- Was described in 1886, by adolf ____.
a. Weil
- In 1907 Leptospira was observed in a post mortem _________ slice.
a. Renal
- 1909, _ is described as the _________ organism.
a. Causative
- In 1916, was noted to be a pathogen present in _________.
a. Rats
- What is the distribution of Leptospira?
a. Worldwide distribution
- Leptospira results in an acute ___________ infection.
a. Anthropozoonotic
- What percentage of people in tropical areas are seropositive for Leptospira?
a. 80%
- What is the mortality rate of those infected with Leptospira?
a. 5-40%
- Who is at most risk of death from Leptospira?
a. Elederly
b. Immunocomprimised
c. Occupational
d. Recreations: gardening swimming
- The disease affects females more then men (T/F)
a. False it affect males more at a disproportionate level
- What factors increase the spread of Leptospira?
a. Heavy rainfall in a contaminated ares
b. Poor snaitisation
c. Resevoirs
d. Wlking or working barefoot
- Is Leptospira infection a newly or remerging disease?
a. Re-emerging
- What is the transmission route of Leptospira?
a. Direct contact eith urine or tissue of infected animal
b. Indirect contact: broken skin and soil or ingestion of contaminated food
c. Droplet infection: inhalation of urine
- What are the two most common animal reseviours in the UK
a. Cattle and rats
- What are the two most common forms of Leptospira in the UK?
a. L. interrogans & L. icterohaemorrhagiae
- Are humans an intended host of Leptospira?
a. No they are an accidental host
- Where do infected animals carry the Leptospira, and how is it shed from their bodies?
a. In their kidneys
b. Urine
- What animals can be infected with? Leptospira
a. Nearly all animals
- ___________ animals are likely to remain infected with Leptospira?
a. Herbivorous
- What is the is the incubation period of Leptospira?
a. 7-14 days
- Symptoms can manifest as sub_______, _______, or ________.
a. Subclinical
b. Mild
c. Severe
- Leptospira infection results in a Bi-__________ illness.
a. Bi-phasic
- Anicteric leptospirosis first stage (______) lasts for _______ and the second stages (________) lasts for _________.
a. Septicaemic
b. 3-7 days
c. Immune
d. Up to a month
- What are the clinical manifestations of Anicteric leptospirosis?
a. Myalgia headache, abdominal pain, committing, meningitis, rash
- What tissues is Leptospira present in with a Anicteric leptospirosis infection?
a. Blood
b. CSF
c. Urine
- What are the clinical manifestations of iceteric leptospirosis?
a. Jaundice
b. Heamoragge
c. Renal failure
d. Mycaditis
- Iceteric leptospirosis first stage (______) lasts for _______ and the second stages (________) lasts for _________.
a. Septicemic
b. 3-7 dyas
c. Immune
d. 10-30days
- ___________ leptospirosis comprises 90% of human cases and ___________ leptospirosis comprised 10% of human cases
a. Anicteric
b. Iceteric
- The main organ affected by Leptospira is the ___________.
a. Kidney
- The following are caused by Leptospira: Nephrotoxicity caused directly by _________; Bacterial migration results in accumulation of ________; hypoper fusion results in ________, _______, and _______; In the GI there is ________ and the heart develops________
a. Endotoxin
b. Toxic metabolites
c. Hypotension, fluid loss, and fluid shift
d. Bleeding
e. Myocarditis
- What are the two hemoohagic manifestestions that can occur with Leptospira infection?
a. Hemorrhagic Fever - Vascular injury
b. Hemorrhagic Pneumonitis
- Whare is Hemorrhagic Pneumonitis most prevalent?
a. Korea and Nicaragua
- Where is Hemorrhagic Fever more prevalent?
a. Korea and Brazil
- What differential diagnosis are similar to other diseases?
a. Fever - Viral fever, Malaria, Typhus
b. •Jaundice – Malaria, Viral Hepatitis, Sepsis
c. •Renal Failure – Malaria, Hanta Virus, Sepsis
d. •Meningitis – bacterial, viral
e. •Haemorrhagic Fever – Dengue, Hanta Virus, Typhus
- When a pig is infected with Leptospira what symptoms do they exhibit?
a. Jaundice
b. Haemoglobinuria
c. Nervous symptoms
- What forms of Leptospira affect pigs?
a. Leptospira pomona,
b. L. tarassovi,
c. L. bratislava and
d. L. muenchen
- Leptospira ___________ results in reproductive problems, which spread slow through the herd.
a. Pomona
- How long can the shedding of Leptospira in urine take place?
a. Months to years
- How does Leptospira present in horses?
a. Fever, loss of appetite, depression
b. • Abortion
c. • Recurrent anterior uveitis (moon blindness)
d. • Conjunctivitis - major symptom
e. • Can evolve to keratitis, hypopyon and eventually blindness
- How does an sub-acute infection of Leptospira present as in cattle?
a. Fever, anorexia
b. - Decreased milk production
c. - Abortion 1 month after infection
- How does an chronic infection of Leptospira present as in cattle?
a. - Mastitis associated with slackness of udder
b. - pregnant cows - stillbirths, infertility
- How does Leptospira affect sea lions?
a. Every 4-5 years Marine Mammal Centre California – surge in sick
b. sea lions
c. • Recent outbreaks – 2008 & 2011 & 2018
d. • Leptospirosis causes renal failure
e. • Symptoms – drinking water, flippers folded across abdomen
f. • Confirmed by lab tests
- What symptoms of Leptospira do dogs present with?
a. fever, vomiting, abdominal pain
b. - diarrhoea, refusal to eat
c. - weakness, depression
d. - stiffness & severe muscle pain
- What is the serovar breakdown in dogs?
a. 60% – L. icterohaemorrhagiae
b. • 20% – L. canicola
c. • 6% – L. icterohaemorrhagiae
d. copenhageni
e. • 1.3% – L. Bratislava
- How is Leptospira disgnosed?
a. Serologic testing: 4-fold titer increase over 2 weeks
b. • MAT (Microscopic Agglutination Test) gold standard
c. •ELISAs
d. •Indirect fluorescent antibody tests (IFATs)
e. •PCR (serum & urine)
f. •Immunoflourescence (blood & CFS) by dark-field or phase-contrast microscopy
- What are the medications prescribed in uncomplicated weils?
a. Acetaminophen 650 mg orally –if needed
b. • Doxycyline 100mg twice daily orally for seven days
c. • Tetracycline 500mg 6 hourly
d. • Ciprofloxacin 500mg twice daily
e. • Frusemide 40mg IV q 12hrly in case of impending renal failure
- What vaccines are available for dogs?
a. - UK -a bivalent vaccine protects against 2 serovars canicola and icterohaemorrhagiae
b. USA - a quadrivalent vaccine protects against 4 serovars – grippotyphosa, pomona, canicola & icterohaemorrhagiae
- What prevention and controls are there?
a. Protected water supply
b. • Proper collection, transport, treatment and secured disposal of rubbish
c. • Drink boiled water if travelling
d. • Disinfections of contaminated work areas
e. • Providing proper protective clothing, shoes, gloves, etc. to high-risk occupational groups
f. • Don’t swim in stagnant water
g. • Don’t enter water with open cuts/wounds
h. • Limit contact with animal urine
i. • Vaccinate animals when available
Urinanalysis allows you to test for what components for renal failure?
Hematuria / Pyuria / Proteinuria
What is anicteric?
non jaundice symptoms
What is Bacteraemic?
the presence of bacteria in the blood. Note: Bacteremia is often transient and asymptomatic but may be associated with invasion of the bloodstream from a usually localized source of infection (such as a skin wound, indwelling catheter, or urinary tract infection) and can lead to sepsis.
What is - Leptospiruric?
Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that affects humans and animals. It is caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira. In humans, it can cause a wide range of symptoms, some of which may be mistaken for other diseases. Some infected persons, however, may have no symptoms at all.
What is biphasic illness
A biphasic disease is a disease which has two distinct phases or components. In clinically biphasic diseases, the phases are generally chronologically separated. In histopathologically biphasic tumors (also called biplastic tumors), there is neoplastic tissue which contains two different cellular elements.
What is conjunctal suffusion?
redness of conjunctiva but no inflammatory exudates
