Rabies Flashcards
1
Q
What family of virus is rabies
A
Rhabdoviridae
2
Q
- What order of virus is Rabies?
A
a. Mononegavirales
3
Q
- How far back is rabies known to have existed?
A
a. 2,300 BC – Babylon
4
Q
- What shape is the rabies virus?
A
a. bullet
5
Q
- How many kilobases id the RNA genome of the Lyssaviruses?
A
a. 12 kb
6
Q
- How many proteins does the Lyssaviruses encode?
A
a. 5
7
Q
- What are the five viral proteins that the Lyssaviruses encodes?
A
a. nucleoprotein N,
b. phosphoprotein P,
c. matrix protein M,
d. glycoprotein G
e. polymerase L
8
Q
- What length is the Lyssaviruses?
A
a. 100-300 nm
9
Q
- What is the width of the Lyssaviruses?
A
a. 75nm
10
Q
- How many struntural and functional units does the Lyssaviruses have? and what are they?
A
a. two
b. lipid bilayer
c. ribonucleokapsid (RNP)
11
Q
- Is the Lyssaviruses enveloped or unenveloped?
A
a. Enveloped
12
Q
- What is the envelope of the Lyssaviruses made of?
A
a. The lipid bilayer from the host cell builds the outer envelope.
b. It is covered with spike like projections corresponding to G-Protein trimers, which recognise and bind cell receptors.
c. The G-Protein is essential for lyssavirus pathogenicity and for the induction of the immune response.
13
Q
- What is essential for lyssavirus pathogenicity and for the induction of the immune response?
A
a. G-proteins
14
Q
What is the The internal ribonucleokapsid (RNP) made up of?
A
a. helical structure and is composed of the genomic RNA intimately associated with protein N, polymerase L and its cofactor protein P (formerly named M1).
b. The ribonucleocapsid complex ensures genome transcription and replication in the cytoplasm.
c. The matrix protein M (formerly named M2) occupies an intermediate position between the ribonucleocapsid and the envelope, and is responsible for virus budding and the bullet-shaped morphology.
15
Q
- The _______ _________ ensures genome transcription and replication in the cytoplasm.
A
a. ribonucleocapsid complex
16
Q
- _______ BC – Babylon - dog owners fined for human deaths caused by their dogs.
A
a. 2,300BC
17
Q
- _________ BC - Homer likens Hector to a “raging dog” in The Iliad
A
a. 800-700 BC
18
Q
- ______- 1st large rabies outbreak reported (Germany)
A
1271
19
Q
- ______- 1st rabies case reported in the Americas by a priest in Mexico
A
1703
20
Q
- What are the major reseviours of rabies?
A
a. Canidae - dogs, foxes, raccoon dogs, jackals, coyotes & wolves
b. - Mustelidae – skunks
c. - Viverridae – mongooses
d. - Procyonidae - raccoons
e. - Chiroptera - Insectivorous, hematophagous & frugivorous bats
21
Q
- What animals are thought to be rabies vectors?
A
a. Cats: bobocats and cougars
22
Q
- What animals are considered high risk and are reseviour species?
A
a. • Dog (wild or domestic – fox, coyote, wolf, etc.)Dog (wild or domestic – fox, coyote, wolf, etc.)
b. •• Raccoon, Skunk, MongooseRaccoon, Skunk, Mongoose
c. •• Cow (South America only)Cow (South America only)
d. •• Bat ( particularly vampire)
23
Q
- What constitutes a reseviour species?
A
a. Virus passed amongst these animals maintaining it in the population for long periods of time
24
Q
- How is populatin density determined for zoonotic disease?
A
a. Number of animals per square foot of ground
25
26. Higher population density -_________ rate of transmission
increased
26
27. How does herd immunity help affect zoonotic disease?
a. Immune animals protect susceptible individuals within their herd
27
28. What animal is 90% of rabies exposure from?
a. DOGGOS
28
29. ________% of human rabies deaths result from dog bite
99%
29
30. How many deaths from rabies are there on average per year globally?
a. >55,000
30
31. What is the prevalence of rabies per 100,000 in the following countries?
a. Africa (rural): _____/100,000
b. India (rural): _____/100,000
c. Pakistan: _____/100,000
d. China: _______/100,000
a. Africa (rural): 3.6/100,000
b. India (rural): 2.5/100,000
c. Pakistan: 1.2/100,000
d. China: 0.2/100,000
31
32. How many cases per year in the phillipines is there of rabies?
a. 350/450 cases/yr
32
33. How many dog bite incidents is there in the phillipines each year?
a. 140,000 – 560,000/yr
33
34. 53% cases – _____ to ______ yr age group in the phillipines
5-14
34
35. What is the percentage breakdown of the animals infected in the phillipines?
a. Dogs 98%
i. - pet 88%
ii. - stray 10%
b. - cats 2%
35
36. What is the exposure rate to rabies in the United states each year?
a. 20,000- 40,000
36
37. What are the average number of human rabies cases each year in the united states?
a. 1-8 cases
37
38. How many cases of animal rabies cases are found each year?
a. 7,000 – 10,000
38
39. ________ rabies has been eliminated in the USA.
a. Dog
39
40. Which state in the USA does not have rabies?
a. Hawwaii
40
41. What animals have rabies in the USA?
a. Raccooons
b. Skunks
c. Foxes
d. Mongoose
e. Bats
41
42. Can there be asymptomatic carries of rabies?
a. Yes only in animals known
42
43. How long can rabies remain infectious after an aminal dies?
a. <24 at 20ᵒ
43
44. How is rabies transmitted(4)?
a. Wet slavia
b. Nervous tissue
c. Aerosol in bat caves
d. Transplants
44
45. Is dry saliva of rabies infectcious?
a. NOPE
45
46. In animals rabies can be transmitted rabies can be transmitted ___________
a. transplacentally
46
47. Can human to human transmission of rabies occur?
a. Not to date
47
48. Rabies has never been isolated form what tissue type?
a. Blood
48
49. What are the chances (%) of developing rabies after a bite?
a. 5-80%
49
50. What are the chances of developing rabies after a bite dependant on?
a. Severity of exposure
b. • Location of the bite
c. • The biting animal
50
51. Upon entering the body where does the rabies virus first remain dormant and replicate?
a. The muscle at the site of the bite
51
52. Once the virus has replicated in the muscle where does the virus go?
a. Nerves in the peripheral NS
52
53. How does the rabies virus move through the nerves in PNS?
a. Retrograde transport
53
54. What is retrograde transport?
a. Retrograde axonal transport conveys materials from axon to cell body.
54
55. Once in the PNS the rabies virus moves to the ________ and _______?
a. Dorsal root ganglion
| b. replicates
55
56. Upon completion fo replication in the dorsal root ganglion where does the virus move to?
a. The brain
56
57. Once the brain is infected the virus will migrate to the nerves of other tissues including (3)?
a. Eye
b. Kidney
c. Salivary glands
57
58. What is the incubation period of rabies?
a. 5 days up to 2 year
58
59. What is the time frame for neutralising a rabies wound before it is too late to treat?
a. Max 14 days
59
60. What are the symptoms with furious (Encephalitic form) rabies?
a. Symptoms - agitation, hydrophobia, extreme irritability, hyper-excitability periods fluctuate with lucidity
b. Vital signs abnormal – tachycardia, tachypnea, fever
c. Aerophobia
d. Hallucinations
e. Seziures
f. Ataxia
g. Foacl weakness
60
61. What form of rabies is furious rabies?
a. Encephalitic form
61
62. What is aerobphobia?
a. extreme fear of air in motion.
| b. Can result in violent muscle spasms in neck & pharynx
62
63. How is furious rabies (Encephalitic form) Treated?
a. NONE once it goes into the nervous system
63
64. Once symptoms of furious rabies (Encephalitic form) occur what can yeeee FECKIN die?
a. 3-10 days
64
65. If given ICU treatment and you have furious rabies (Encephalitic form) ho long can you survive before dying?
a. 4 months
65
66. How many people have servived furious rabies (Encephalitic form)? And why did they survive?
a. 6
| b. Had pre or post-exposure prophylaxis before onset of symptoms
66
67. What are the two types of rabies?
a. furious (Encephalitic form)
| b. Dumb Rabies (Rage tranquille)
67
68. What type of rabies is dumb rabies?
a. (Rage tranquille)
68
69. Which form of rabies is difficult diagnose?
a. (Rage tranquille)
| b. DUMB
69
70. What is Dumb Rabies (Rage tranquille) also sometime referred to as?
a. Paralytic rabies
70
71. What other illness is Dumb Rabies (Rage tranquille) confused with?
a. Guillain-Barre syndrome
71
72. What is the most common farm animal infected with rabies. And what other animals can be infected?
a. Cows
| b. horses, sheep, pigs & goats
72
73. What symptoms do cows develop when they are infected with rabies?
a. develop hoarse bellow, drool & swallow abnormally
b. - Some only show depression, weakness or partial paralysis of hindquarters
c. - Hours or days later- animal goes down, develop convulsive seizures & die
73
74. What symptoms do sheep develop when they are infected with rabies?
a. - Some only show depression, weakness or partial paralysis of hindquarters
b. - Hours or days later- animal goes down, develop convulsive seizures & die
c. Head pressed against something
d. No vocalisation
74
75. What symptoms do horses develop when they are infected with rabies?
a. Rare in horses - exposed horses very sensitive & susceptible
b. Clinical signs – paralytic form
c. Off feed, exhibit depression, excessive salivation, difficulty swallowing, lack of coordination, aggressive behaviour, hyper-excitability, colic, convulsions or paralysis
75
76. Is there a vaccine for rabies? Is there a treatment for rabies?
a. Vaccine yes
| b. Tratment no
76
77. How is rabies diagnosed?
a. Brain biopsy - Negri Bodies found
b. Saliva test - inaccurate
c. History of animal exposure & typical neurologic clinical signs
d. IFAT - Laboratory diagnosis Gold standard
e. Humans - antemortem detection of virus/viral amplicons, antibodies or antigens (sera, CSF, saliva, nuchal biopsy)
f. Rapid immunodiagnostic test (RIDT)
g. RTPCR
77
78. How is rabies detected in brain biopsy?
a. Negri Bodies found
78
79. What test is inaccurate for detecting rabies?
a. Salvia test
79
80. What is the Lab gold standard rabies test?
a. IFAT
79
80. What is the Lab gold standard rabies test?
a. IFAT
80
81. Which diagnostic test is typically used for completing surveillance for rabeies?
a. Rapid immunodiagnostic test (RIDT)
81
82. If a Rapid immunodiagnostic test (RIDT) is positive what colour is it and it is negative what colour is it?
a. Neg purple
| b. Positive pink
82
83. What prevalence of rabies is there in the UK and Ireland?
a. European bat lyssavirus (EBLV) 2 - detected at low prevalence in Daubenton’s bats
83
84. Why does European bat lyssavirus (EBLV) 2 not affect the rabies free status of the UK and Ireland?
a. EBLV occurrence does not affect our disease-free status - based upon freedom from terrestrial rabies
84
85. What does PEP stand for?
a. Postexposure Prophylaxis
85
86. What is the three steps of Postexposure Prophylaxis (PEP)
a. Wound care at the site of bite to remove ALL virus particles
b. Passive Immunization
c. Human diploid cell vaccine
86
87. What wound care is required when complaeting PEP?
a. immediate thorough washing with soap & water & a virucidal agent
b. eg povidine-iodine or 1-2% benzalkonium chloride
87
88. What is passive immunisation when completing PEP?
a. Human rabies immunoglobulin (HRIG) 20 IU/kg ASAP - no longer than 7 days after vaccine given.
b. Infiltrate entire dose around wound, any remaining IG inject IM at a site distant from the vaccine
88
89. What is Human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV) given in PEP?
a. 1ml (deltoid) on days 0,3,7,14,28
89
90. How many treatment modalities (Categories) are there for rabies?
a. 3
90
91. What is a category three modality? What treatment do you give?
a. Single or multiple transderma bites, scratches and contamination of mucous membrane with salvia
b. Use immunoglobulin and vaccine
91
92. What is a category two modality? What treatment do you give?
a. Minor scratches or abrassions without bleeding or licks on broken skin and nibbling of uncovered skin
b. Use vaccine alone
92
93. What is a category one modality? What treatment do you give?
a. Touching feeding of animals, licks intact SKIN
| b. No treatment
93
94. What are the side effects of PEP?
a. Local Reactions - itching, erythema, pain, swelling
b. Systemic - HA, myalgia, nausea.
c. Anaphylaxis - 0.1% of cases
d. Guillain-Barre - 3 cases
e. Angiodema - 6% of patients who receive boosters
f. Can give PEP during pregnancy
94
95. Suspected animals with rabies, what doin? For wild and domestic animals
a. Wild animals if caught should by euthanised immediately, head refrigerated & sent to lab for testing
b. Domestic animals that appear healthy should be observed for 10 days. If
c. doesn’t become ill, victim doesn’t require treatment
i. –If animal gets sick, euthanise & test immediately
95
96. In what ways can disinfection help to prevent rabies?
a. Disinfectants that kill rabies virus:
b. • Formalin
c. • Phenols (Lysol)
d. • Halogens (bleach)
e. • Quats
f. • UV light (sunlight) and heat
96
Possible eptimoletgy of Rabies: sanskrit and latin?
sanskrit to do violence
| Latin Root beer
97
98. What is rabies described as?
a. Acute progressive viral encephalomyelitis
98
99. Rabies is the leading viral zoonisis globally? (T/F)
a. True
99
100. In 2013 a ________ was imported from morrocco and subsequently had to be put down because of rabies
a. Kitten
100
101. In _______ there was an rabies out break in Greece involving 45 animals mainly ______.
a. 2014
| b. Foxes
101
102. In ______ in holland two 4 month old _______from Bulgaria and had to be euthanized.
a. 2014
| b. Puppies
102
103. Mononegaviral comprise non-______ negative stranded RNA viruses.
a. Segmented
| b. RNA
103
104. What is a negative-strand RNA?
a. Act as a complementary strand with mRNA
104
105. What protein is responsible for the virus bullet shape?
a. Matrix protein
105
106. Where is the cell does the recplication of the virus take place?
a. cytoplasm
106
107. Who was the first person to identify Rabies as the cause of disease in 1885?
a. Louise pastor
107
108. __________ hosts the virus has become adapted and specific to that species, in _______ host the vorus can infect but is not adapted and therefore is short lived.
a. Reseviour
| b. Vectot
108
109. In what country(s) are cows the most affected with the virus?
a. South america
109
110. Which animal is particularly good at maintaining the virus in the population?
a. skunks
110
111. What percentage of people need to be immune for herd immunity?
a. 60-80%
111
112. What is the cost of rabies on average per year?
a. 8.6 billion USD
112
113. What is the decrease of rabies in Thailand since the 1990s?
a. 90%
113
114. How many cases of rabies has been reported in Thailand 2021?
a. 2 cases
114
115. What is the breakdown of infected animals in Thailand?
a. 91% dogs, 2% cats, 7% others
115
116. In the pallapines what is a way that individuals become infected with the rabies virus?
a. Eating Raw dog that is infected
116
117. How long can the rabies virus last in a carcass at 4 degess Celsius?
a. 4 days
117
How does the aersol infection happen in bat cave?
From the infection of the moucous membranes in the nose and eyes
118
119. What should you wear to prevent disease in the bat cave?
a. Heap filtered masks and face coverings
119
120. Why can humans not pass the virus onto other humans ?
a. There is not a virulent enough load to cause an infection
120
121. What are the two most prevalent animals to pass on the rabies if bitten?
a. Dogs
| b. Bats
121
122. The bate rabies is highly ________ but it is unknown why.
a. virulent
122
What stage takes place before the disease begins ti manifest?
Prodromal stage
123
124. What percentage of human cases is the furious rabies responsisble for?
a. 70%
124
125. What percentage of rabies is the dumb form of rabies responsible for?
a. 30%
125
126. Why do thos infected have a fear of water?
a. The muscle spasm and pohycial affects are the equvilant of the fear of of drawning
126
127. Where is there a vaccine approved for cows sheep and horses?
a. AMURICA
127
128. Why is there usually multiple sheep infected with in a herd compared to other animals when infectin occurs?
a. They flock together and there for ehtere are more exposed
128
129. What happens when goats become infected?
a. Aggression
| b. And continual bleeding
129
130. What happens when pigs become infected?
a. Hyper excitable
b. Uncoordinated
c. Hinde paralysis
130
131. How long after pigs become infected with rabies do they die?
a. 12-48 hurs
131
132. What happens when horses become infected?
a. Depression
b. Excessive salvia
c. Aggression
d. Convultion and seizure paralysis then death
132
133. Is rabies in horses common?
a. Nope
133
134. What is antemortem?
a. Before death
134
135. A __________ biopsy is taken at the nape of the neck, where there will be a high level of ________ making viral detection easy
a. Nuchal
| b. Innervation
135
136. What is innervation?
a. Many nerves supplied
136
137. What us ORV?
a. Oral rabies vaccine
137
138. What is EBLV-2?
a. The lyssa bat virus
138
139. What type of rabies is bat rabies? What type of rabbies are all other mammal rabies?
a. Arial
| b. terrrestriasl
139
140. In ________ a man in the UK dies from Rabies as he worked with ________ conservation
a. 2002
| b. Bat
140
141. If you work in bat conservation what are you advised to get?
a. Vaccine
141
142. Where does the Immunoglobulin have to be injected in oeder for it to work?
a. Around the wound
| b. A different location
142
143. Where can the human diploid cell vaccine never be given into? And why?
a. Glutial fatty tissue
| b. No antibiodies will form
143
144. What does HDCV stand for?
a. Human diploid cell vaccine
144
145. What doies HRIG stand for?
a. Human rabie immunoglobulin
145
146. In _________ a women in northern Ireland dies from rabies, she was breaking up a dog fight n __________ in 2006.
a. 2009
| b. South Africa
146
147. Before the 2002 death of rabies in Northern Ireland when was the last case of death from rabies?
a. 1902 from a dog bite
147
148. Can pregnant women get PEP?
a. Yes
148
149. What are the two epidemiological cycles of rabies?
a. Urban
| b. sylvatic
149
150. What si the Urban cycle?
a. dog’s main reservoir host
150
151. What is the sylvatic cycle?
a. Wild animals’ main reservoir
151
152. What is the main form of rabies in Africa?
a. Canid rabies
152
153. What animals/people are involved in the 1-way transmission?
a. Dog to humans
b. Dog to domestic animals
c. Wild carnivore to domestic animals
d. Wild carnivore to humans
153
154. What animals/people are involved in the 2-way transmission?
a. Owned to free roaming dogs
| b. Dogs and whild carnivores
154
155. What animals/people are involved in the cyclic transmission?
a. Owned dogs
b. Roaming dogs
c. Wild carnivores
155
156. What types of oral rabies vaccines are there?
a. Lyophilized paraffin coated bait
b. Fish polymer bait
c. Coated sachets
156
157. What are the 4 main dog species being observed for conservation?
a. African Wild dog
b. Ethiopian wolf
c. Coyote
d. Gray fox
157
158. What is the spill over even that affects the African wild dogs?
a. The canine variant causes infection
158
159. What is the threat of rabies on the African wild dog?
a. Threatens local extirpation
159
160. What is the spill over even that affects the Ethiopian wolf?
a. Canine variant into the Ethiopian wolf
160
161. What is the threat of rabies on the Ethiopian wolf?
a. Threatens species existence
161
162. What is the spill over even that affects the coyote?
a. Spill over of canine into the coyote
162
163. What is the threat of rabies on the coyote?
a. Public health emergency into Texas
163
164. What is the spill over even that affects the Gray fox?
a. Spill over from Gray fox to the canines
164
165. What is the threat of rabies on the Gray fox?
a. Confounds success of the ORV in the gray foxes
165
166. How many dogs were there in 2021?
a. 1 billion
166
167. How many street dogs are there in india?
a. 58 million
167
168. How many dogs are there in the UK?
a. 10.1 million
168
169. How many dogs are there in the US
a. 19 million
169
170. Where are African wild dogs in a particular danger in what country?
a. Kenya
170
171. What is the SAG2 factor?
a. Oral rabbies vaccine: parrifin coated
171
172. What is the CAG2?
a. Oral rabbie vaccine on cotton swabs
172
173. Where is the CAG2 factor commonly used?
a. China
173
174. What name is the SAG2 marketed under?
a. Rabigen
174
175. What kind of vaccine is Rabigen (SAG2)
a. Modified live attenuated vaccine
175
176. What is Roboral-VRG?
a. Oral vaccine
176
177. What kinf of vaccnine is Robaral VRG? And what animals is it used on?
a. Oral recombinant vaccine
| b. Racoons and coyotes
177
178. What is CAV2 and where is it used?
a. Oral vaccine
| b. China
178
179. What kind of vaccine is CAV2?
a. Recombinant adano virus vaccine
179
180. Where must the oral rabies vaccine come into contact?
a. Palantine tonsils
180
181. How does the oral rabies vaccine work? And how long until its affective?
a. Enters the mucosal cells but can not replicate
b. The glycoproteins on the virus are recognised by antigens
c. Initiating the immune response
d. 3 weeks
181
182. The gray fox is very ________ to rabies.
a. sussceptable
182
183. In _________ the first epizoonitic grey fox to coyote spillover in Texas, increased in _________, and was declared an state of emergency in ________.
a. 1946
b. 1986
c. 1996
183
184. What are the two rabies variant in Texas?
a. TF: terxas fox
| b. DDC: domestic dog and coyote
184
185. In what region of Texan are 1 million ORV dropped per year?
a. Central Texas particularly San Antonio
185
186. What does epizoonotic mean?
a. Outbreak with in a single population
186
187. In _______ there was an epizoonotic out break of racoon rabies
a. 1970
187
188. In _______ there was an epizoonotic outbreak of rabies in racoons that ran up the entire east coast.
a. 1992
188
189. In _______ there was an east coast break out with every county in the state of __________ reporting rabid racoons
a. 2005
| b. N. Carolina
189
190. The 2005 outbreak saw a spill over into the _______ population in particular the two states _________ and _________ had more _________ that racoon population with rabies
a. Skunk
b. Massechuchettes
c. Rhode island
d. Skink
190
191. The 2005 out break saw an increase of ORV being put out in machechucettes and rhode island, which resulted in _________% of the racoon population being vaccinated
a. 50
191
192. What size is the Navajo nation area?
a. 27,000 sq miles
192
193. What percentage of Navajo nation dogs are vaccinated for rabies and other diseases?
a. Only 20%
193
194. How many dog bite were there on the Navajo nations land between 2013 and 2015, and how many resulted in an emergency room visit?
a. 1,000 bite
| b. 500 emergency room visits
194
195. How many households are there on the Navajo lands, how many dogs per houshoul, and how many dogs total?
a. 89,000
b. 4-5 dogs
c. 445,000
195
196. In April last year how many dogs were lifted by police in the Navajo lands? How many were adopted? And how many released back to families… the remander were killed
a. 2332 total
b. 79 adopted
c. 331 relesed
196
197. How many dogs does the Navajo nation euthanise each year
a. 6,000
197
198. What county and city are surrounded by Navajo nation and how many animals do they need to euthanise each year?
a. Mckinley county
b. Gallup city
c. 4,000
198
199. When the trail I n the Navajo nation land took place with 373 dogs how many showed immunity?
a. 30%
199
200. What is the seringetti nation park?
a. Worl heritage site
b. Conservation area in Africa
c. Category II
200
201. What animals have rabies in the serengetti national park?
a. Dogs
b. African wild dogs
c. Bat eared foxes
201
202. What is the IUCN?
a. Word conservative congress
202
203. What endangered species are found within the serengetti park?
a. African wild dog
b. Cheeta
c. Striped hyena
d. Lion
203
204. How many stripped hyena are left in the wild?
a. 5-14,000
204
205. What percentage of areas has the cheetah been made extinct, how many are left in the wild?
a. 90%
| b. 7,100
205
206. How many countries have the lion been made extinct? Making up what percentage of their historic area range?.. how many are left… how many were there 10 years ago
a. 26 countries
b. 95%
c. 20,000
d. 330,000
206
207. SPotte hyenes: _______ dominant the group, submission is shown through _________, they have a high population density which then vival with other ________
a. Female
b. Licking
c. Clans
207
208. Is the variant of rabies found in the bat eared foxes the same as the variant found in hyennas and canines in the serengetti?
a. NO
