Rabies Flashcards
What family of virus is rabies
Rhabdoviridae
- What order of virus is Rabies?
a. Mononegavirales
- How far back is rabies known to have existed?
a. 2,300 BC – Babylon
- What shape is the rabies virus?
a. bullet
- How many kilobases id the RNA genome of the Lyssaviruses?
a. 12 kb
- How many proteins does the Lyssaviruses encode?
a. 5
- What are the five viral proteins that the Lyssaviruses encodes?
a. nucleoprotein N,
b. phosphoprotein P,
c. matrix protein M,
d. glycoprotein G
e. polymerase L
- What length is the Lyssaviruses?
a. 100-300 nm
- What is the width of the Lyssaviruses?
a. 75nm
- How many struntural and functional units does the Lyssaviruses have? and what are they?
a. two
b. lipid bilayer
c. ribonucleokapsid (RNP)
- Is the Lyssaviruses enveloped or unenveloped?
a. Enveloped
- What is the envelope of the Lyssaviruses made of?
a. The lipid bilayer from the host cell builds the outer envelope.
b. It is covered with spike like projections corresponding to G-Protein trimers, which recognise and bind cell receptors.
c. The G-Protein is essential for lyssavirus pathogenicity and for the induction of the immune response.
- What is essential for lyssavirus pathogenicity and for the induction of the immune response?
a. G-proteins
What is the The internal ribonucleokapsid (RNP) made up of?
a. helical structure and is composed of the genomic RNA intimately associated with protein N, polymerase L and its cofactor protein P (formerly named M1).
b. The ribonucleocapsid complex ensures genome transcription and replication in the cytoplasm.
c. The matrix protein M (formerly named M2) occupies an intermediate position between the ribonucleocapsid and the envelope, and is responsible for virus budding and the bullet-shaped morphology.
- The _______ _________ ensures genome transcription and replication in the cytoplasm.
a. ribonucleocapsid complex
- _______ BC – Babylon - dog owners fined for human deaths caused by their dogs.
a. 2,300BC
- _________ BC - Homer likens Hector to a “raging dog” in The Iliad
a. 800-700 BC
- ______- 1st large rabies outbreak reported (Germany)
1271
- ______- 1st rabies case reported in the Americas by a priest in Mexico
1703
- What are the major reseviours of rabies?
a. Canidae - dogs, foxes, raccoon dogs, jackals, coyotes & wolves
b. - Mustelidae – skunks
c. - Viverridae – mongooses
d. - Procyonidae - raccoons
e. - Chiroptera - Insectivorous, hematophagous & frugivorous bats
- What animals are thought to be rabies vectors?
a. Cats: bobocats and cougars
- What animals are considered high risk and are reseviour species?
a. • Dog (wild or domestic – fox, coyote, wolf, etc.)Dog (wild or domestic – fox, coyote, wolf, etc.)
b. •• Raccoon, Skunk, MongooseRaccoon, Skunk, Mongoose
c. •• Cow (South America only)Cow (South America only)
d. •• Bat ( particularly vampire)
- What constitutes a reseviour species?
a. Virus passed amongst these animals maintaining it in the population for long periods of time
- How is populatin density determined for zoonotic disease?
a. Number of animals per square foot of ground
- Higher population density -_________ rate of transmission
increased
- How does herd immunity help affect zoonotic disease?
a. Immune animals protect susceptible individuals within their herd
- What animal is 90% of rabies exposure from?
a. DOGGOS
- ________% of human rabies deaths result from dog bite
99%
- How many deaths from rabies are there on average per year globally?
a. >55,000
- What is the prevalence of rabies per 100,000 in the following countries?
a. Africa (rural): _____/100,000
b. India (rural): _____/100,000
c. Pakistan: _____/100,000
d. China: _______/100,000
a. Africa (rural): 3.6/100,000
b. India (rural): 2.5/100,000
c. Pakistan: 1.2/100,000
d. China: 0.2/100,000
- How many cases per year in the phillipines is there of rabies?
a. 350/450 cases/yr
- How many dog bite incidents is there in the phillipines each year?
a. 140,000 – 560,000/yr
- 53% cases – _____ to ______ yr age group in the phillipines
5-14
- What is the percentage breakdown of the animals infected in the phillipines?
a. Dogs 98%
i. - pet 88%
ii. - stray 10%
b. - cats 2%
- What is the exposure rate to rabies in the United states each year?
a. 20,000- 40,000
- What are the average number of human rabies cases each year in the united states?
a. 1-8 cases
- How many cases of animal rabies cases are found each year?
a. 7,000 – 10,000
- ________ rabies has been eliminated in the USA.
a. Dog
- Which state in the USA does not have rabies?
a. Hawwaii
- What animals have rabies in the USA?
a. Raccooons
b. Skunks
c. Foxes
d. Mongoose
e. Bats
- Can there be asymptomatic carries of rabies?
a. Yes only in animals known
- How long can rabies remain infectious after an aminal dies?
a. <24 at 20ᵒ
- How is rabies transmitted(4)?
a. Wet slavia
b. Nervous tissue
c. Aerosol in bat caves
d. Transplants
- Is dry saliva of rabies infectcious?
a. NOPE
- In animals rabies can be transmitted rabies can be transmitted ___________
a. transplacentally
- Can human to human transmission of rabies occur?
a. Not to date
- Rabies has never been isolated form what tissue type?
a. Blood
- What are the chances (%) of developing rabies after a bite?
a. 5-80%
- What are the chances of developing rabies after a bite dependant on?
a. Severity of exposure
b. • Location of the bite
c. • The biting animal
- Upon entering the body where does the rabies virus first remain dormant and replicate?
a. The muscle at the site of the bite
- Once the virus has replicated in the muscle where does the virus go?
a. Nerves in the peripheral NS
- How does the rabies virus move through the nerves in PNS?
a. Retrograde transport
- What is retrograde transport?
a. Retrograde axonal transport conveys materials from axon to cell body.
- Once in the PNS the rabies virus moves to the ________ and _______?
a. Dorsal root ganglion
b. replicates
- Upon completion fo replication in the dorsal root ganglion where does the virus move to?
a. The brain
- Once the brain is infected the virus will migrate to the nerves of other tissues including (3)?
a. Eye
b. Kidney
c. Salivary glands
- What is the incubation period of rabies?
a. 5 days up to 2 year
- What is the time frame for neutralising a rabies wound before it is too late to treat?
a. Max 14 days
- What are the symptoms with furious (Encephalitic form) rabies?
a. Symptoms - agitation, hydrophobia, extreme irritability, hyper-excitability periods fluctuate with lucidity
b. Vital signs abnormal – tachycardia, tachypnea, fever
c. Aerophobia
d. Hallucinations
e. Seziures
f. Ataxia
g. Foacl weakness
- What form of rabies is furious rabies?
a. Encephalitic form
- What is aerobphobia?
a. extreme fear of air in motion.
b. Can result in violent muscle spasms in neck & pharynx
- How is furious rabies (Encephalitic form) Treated?
a. NONE once it goes into the nervous system
- Once symptoms of furious rabies (Encephalitic form) occur what can yeeee FECKIN die?
a. 3-10 days
- If given ICU treatment and you have furious rabies (Encephalitic form) ho long can you survive before dying?
a. 4 months
- How many people have servived furious rabies (Encephalitic form)? And why did they survive?
a. 6
b. Had pre or post-exposure prophylaxis before onset of symptoms
- What are the two types of rabies?
a. furious (Encephalitic form)
b. Dumb Rabies (Rage tranquille)
- What type of rabies is dumb rabies?
a. (Rage tranquille)
- Which form of rabies is difficult diagnose?
a. (Rage tranquille)
b. DUMB
- What is Dumb Rabies (Rage tranquille) also sometime referred to as?
a. Paralytic rabies
- What other illness is Dumb Rabies (Rage tranquille) confused with?
a. Guillain-Barre syndrome
- What is the most common farm animal infected with rabies. And what other animals can be infected?
a. Cows
b. horses, sheep, pigs & goats
- What symptoms do cows develop when they are infected with rabies?
a. develop hoarse bellow, drool & swallow abnormally
b. - Some only show depression, weakness or partial paralysis of hindquarters
c. - Hours or days later- animal goes down, develop convulsive seizures & die
- What symptoms do sheep develop when they are infected with rabies?
a. - Some only show depression, weakness or partial paralysis of hindquarters
b. - Hours or days later- animal goes down, develop convulsive seizures & die
c. Head pressed against something
d. No vocalisation
- What symptoms do horses develop when they are infected with rabies?
a. Rare in horses - exposed horses very sensitive & susceptible
b. Clinical signs – paralytic form
c. Off feed, exhibit depression, excessive salivation, difficulty swallowing, lack of coordination, aggressive behaviour, hyper-excitability, colic, convulsions or paralysis
- Is there a vaccine for rabies? Is there a treatment for rabies?
a. Vaccine yes
b. Tratment no
- How is rabies diagnosed?
a. Brain biopsy - Negri Bodies found
b. Saliva test - inaccurate
c. History of animal exposure & typical neurologic clinical signs
d. IFAT - Laboratory diagnosis Gold standard
e. Humans - antemortem detection of virus/viral amplicons, antibodies or antigens (sera, CSF, saliva, nuchal biopsy)
f. Rapid immunodiagnostic test (RIDT)
g. RTPCR
- How is rabies detected in brain biopsy?
a. Negri Bodies found
- What test is inaccurate for detecting rabies?
a. Salvia test
- What is the Lab gold standard rabies test?
a. IFAT
- What is the Lab gold standard rabies test?
a. IFAT
- Which diagnostic test is typically used for completing surveillance for rabeies?
a. Rapid immunodiagnostic test (RIDT)
- If a Rapid immunodiagnostic test (RIDT) is positive what colour is it and it is negative what colour is it?
a. Neg purple
b. Positive pink
- What prevalence of rabies is there in the UK and Ireland?
a. European bat lyssavirus (EBLV) 2 - detected at low prevalence in Daubenton’s bats
- Why does European bat lyssavirus (EBLV) 2 not affect the rabies free status of the UK and Ireland?
a. EBLV occurrence does not affect our disease-free status - based upon freedom from terrestrial rabies
- What does PEP stand for?
a. Postexposure Prophylaxis
- What is the three steps of Postexposure Prophylaxis (PEP)
a. Wound care at the site of bite to remove ALL virus particles
b. Passive Immunization
c. Human diploid cell vaccine
- What wound care is required when complaeting PEP?
a. immediate thorough washing with soap & water & a virucidal agent
b. eg povidine-iodine or 1-2% benzalkonium chloride
- What is passive immunisation when completing PEP?
a. Human rabies immunoglobulin (HRIG) 20 IU/kg ASAP - no longer than 7 days after vaccine given.
b. Infiltrate entire dose around wound, any remaining IG inject IM at a site distant from the vaccine
- What is Human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV) given in PEP?
a. 1ml (deltoid) on days 0,3,7,14,28
- How many treatment modalities (Categories) are there for rabies?
a. 3
- What is a category three modality? What treatment do you give?
a. Single or multiple transderma bites, scratches and contamination of mucous membrane with salvia
b. Use immunoglobulin and vaccine
- What is a category two modality? What treatment do you give?
a. Minor scratches or abrassions without bleeding or licks on broken skin and nibbling of uncovered skin
b. Use vaccine alone
- What is a category one modality? What treatment do you give?
a. Touching feeding of animals, licks intact SKIN
b. No treatment
- What are the side effects of PEP?
a. Local Reactions - itching, erythema, pain, swelling
b. Systemic - HA, myalgia, nausea.
c. Anaphylaxis - 0.1% of cases
d. Guillain-Barre - 3 cases
e. Angiodema - 6% of patients who receive boosters
f. Can give PEP during pregnancy
- Suspected animals with rabies, what doin? For wild and domestic animals
a. Wild animals if caught should by euthanised immediately, head refrigerated & sent to lab for testing
b. Domestic animals that appear healthy should be observed for 10 days. If
c. doesn’t become ill, victim doesn’t require treatment
i. –If animal gets sick, euthanise & test immediately
- In what ways can disinfection help to prevent rabies?
a. Disinfectants that kill rabies virus:
b. • Formalin
c. • Phenols (Lysol)
d. • Halogens (bleach)
e. • Quats
f. • UV light (sunlight) and heat
Possible eptimoletgy of Rabies: sanskrit and latin?
sanskrit to do violence
Latin Root beer
- What is rabies described as?
a. Acute progressive viral encephalomyelitis
- Rabies is the leading viral zoonisis globally? (T/F)
a. True
- In 2013 a ________ was imported from morrocco and subsequently had to be put down because of rabies
a. Kitten
- In _______ there was an rabies out break in Greece involving 45 animals mainly ______.
a. 2014
b. Foxes
- In ______ in holland two 4 month old _______from Bulgaria and had to be euthanized.
a. 2014
b. Puppies
- Mononegaviral comprise non-______ negative stranded RNA viruses.
a. Segmented
b. RNA
- What is a negative-strand RNA?
a. Act as a complementary strand with mRNA
- What protein is responsible for the virus bullet shape?
a. Matrix protein
- Where is the cell does the recplication of the virus take place?
a. cytoplasm
- Who was the first person to identify Rabies as the cause of disease in 1885?
a. Louise pastor
- __________ hosts the virus has become adapted and specific to that species, in _______ host the vorus can infect but is not adapted and therefore is short lived.
a. Reseviour
b. Vectot
- In what country(s) are cows the most affected with the virus?
a. South america
- Which animal is particularly good at maintaining the virus in the population?
a. skunks
- What percentage of people need to be immune for herd immunity?
a. 60-80%
- What is the cost of rabies on average per year?
a. 8.6 billion USD
- What is the decrease of rabies in Thailand since the 1990s?
a. 90%
- How many cases of rabies has been reported in Thailand 2021?
a. 2 cases
- What is the breakdown of infected animals in Thailand?
a. 91% dogs, 2% cats, 7% others
- In the pallapines what is a way that individuals become infected with the rabies virus?
a. Eating Raw dog that is infected
- How long can the rabies virus last in a carcass at 4 degess Celsius?
a. 4 days
How does the aersol infection happen in bat cave?
From the infection of the moucous membranes in the nose and eyes
- What should you wear to prevent disease in the bat cave?
a. Heap filtered masks and face coverings
- Why can humans not pass the virus onto other humans ?
a. There is not a virulent enough load to cause an infection
- What are the two most prevalent animals to pass on the rabies if bitten?
a. Dogs
b. Bats
- The bate rabies is highly ________ but it is unknown why.
a. virulent
What stage takes place before the disease begins ti manifest?
Prodromal stage
- What percentage of human cases is the furious rabies responsisble for?
a. 70%
- What percentage of rabies is the dumb form of rabies responsible for?
a. 30%
- Why do thos infected have a fear of water?
a. The muscle spasm and pohycial affects are the equvilant of the fear of of drawning
- Where is there a vaccine approved for cows sheep and horses?
a. AMURICA
- Why is there usually multiple sheep infected with in a herd compared to other animals when infectin occurs?
a. They flock together and there for ehtere are more exposed
- What happens when goats become infected?
a. Aggression
b. And continual bleeding
- What happens when pigs become infected?
a. Hyper excitable
b. Uncoordinated
c. Hinde paralysis
- How long after pigs become infected with rabies do they die?
a. 12-48 hurs
- What happens when horses become infected?
a. Depression
b. Excessive salvia
c. Aggression
d. Convultion and seizure paralysis then death
- Is rabies in horses common?
a. Nope
- What is antemortem?
a. Before death
- A __________ biopsy is taken at the nape of the neck, where there will be a high level of ________ making viral detection easy
a. Nuchal
b. Innervation
- What is innervation?
a. Many nerves supplied
- What us ORV?
a. Oral rabies vaccine
- What is EBLV-2?
a. The lyssa bat virus
- What type of rabies is bat rabies? What type of rabbies are all other mammal rabies?
a. Arial
b. terrrestriasl
- In ________ a man in the UK dies from Rabies as he worked with ________ conservation
a. 2002
b. Bat
- If you work in bat conservation what are you advised to get?
a. Vaccine
- Where does the Immunoglobulin have to be injected in oeder for it to work?
a. Around the wound
b. A different location
- Where can the human diploid cell vaccine never be given into? And why?
a. Glutial fatty tissue
b. No antibiodies will form
- What does HDCV stand for?
a. Human diploid cell vaccine
- What doies HRIG stand for?
a. Human rabie immunoglobulin
- In _________ a women in northern Ireland dies from rabies, she was breaking up a dog fight n __________ in 2006.
a. 2009
b. South Africa
- Before the 2002 death of rabies in Northern Ireland when was the last case of death from rabies?
a. 1902 from a dog bite
- Can pregnant women get PEP?
a. Yes
- What are the two epidemiological cycles of rabies?
a. Urban
b. sylvatic
- What si the Urban cycle?
a. dog’s main reservoir host
- What is the sylvatic cycle?
a. Wild animals’ main reservoir
- What is the main form of rabies in Africa?
a. Canid rabies
- What animals/people are involved in the 1-way transmission?
a. Dog to humans
b. Dog to domestic animals
c. Wild carnivore to domestic animals
d. Wild carnivore to humans
- What animals/people are involved in the 2-way transmission?
a. Owned to free roaming dogs
b. Dogs and whild carnivores
- What animals/people are involved in the cyclic transmission?
a. Owned dogs
b. Roaming dogs
c. Wild carnivores
- What types of oral rabies vaccines are there?
a. Lyophilized paraffin coated bait
b. Fish polymer bait
c. Coated sachets
- What are the 4 main dog species being observed for conservation?
a. African Wild dog
b. Ethiopian wolf
c. Coyote
d. Gray fox
- What is the spill over even that affects the African wild dogs?
a. The canine variant causes infection
- What is the threat of rabies on the African wild dog?
a. Threatens local extirpation
- What is the spill over even that affects the Ethiopian wolf?
a. Canine variant into the Ethiopian wolf
- What is the threat of rabies on the Ethiopian wolf?
a. Threatens species existence
- What is the spill over even that affects the coyote?
a. Spill over of canine into the coyote
- What is the threat of rabies on the coyote?
a. Public health emergency into Texas
- What is the spill over even that affects the Gray fox?
a. Spill over from Gray fox to the canines
- What is the threat of rabies on the Gray fox?
a. Confounds success of the ORV in the gray foxes
- How many dogs were there in 2021?
a. 1 billion
- How many street dogs are there in india?
a. 58 million
- How many dogs are there in the UK?
a. 10.1 million
- How many dogs are there in the US
a. 19 million
- Where are African wild dogs in a particular danger in what country?
a. Kenya
- What is the SAG2 factor?
a. Oral rabbies vaccine: parrifin coated
- What is the CAG2?
a. Oral rabbie vaccine on cotton swabs
- Where is the CAG2 factor commonly used?
a. China
- What name is the SAG2 marketed under?
a. Rabigen
- What kind of vaccine is Rabigen (SAG2)
a. Modified live attenuated vaccine
- What is Roboral-VRG?
a. Oral vaccine
- What kinf of vaccnine is Robaral VRG? And what animals is it used on?
a. Oral recombinant vaccine
b. Racoons and coyotes
- What is CAV2 and where is it used?
a. Oral vaccine
b. China
- What kind of vaccine is CAV2?
a. Recombinant adano virus vaccine
- Where must the oral rabies vaccine come into contact?
a. Palantine tonsils
- How does the oral rabies vaccine work? And how long until its affective?
a. Enters the mucosal cells but can not replicate
b. The glycoproteins on the virus are recognised by antigens
c. Initiating the immune response
d. 3 weeks
- The gray fox is very ________ to rabies.
a. sussceptable
- In _________ the first epizoonitic grey fox to coyote spillover in Texas, increased in _________, and was declared an state of emergency in ________.
a. 1946
b. 1986
c. 1996
- What are the two rabies variant in Texas?
a. TF: terxas fox
b. DDC: domestic dog and coyote
- In what region of Texan are 1 million ORV dropped per year?
a. Central Texas particularly San Antonio
- What does epizoonotic mean?
a. Outbreak with in a single population
- In _______ there was an epizoonotic out break of racoon rabies
a. 1970
- In _______ there was an epizoonotic outbreak of rabies in racoons that ran up the entire east coast.
a. 1992
- In _______ there was an east coast break out with every county in the state of __________ reporting rabid racoons
a. 2005
b. N. Carolina
- The 2005 outbreak saw a spill over into the _______ population in particular the two states _________ and _________ had more _________ that racoon population with rabies
a. Skunk
b. Massechuchettes
c. Rhode island
d. Skink
- The 2005 out break saw an increase of ORV being put out in machechucettes and rhode island, which resulted in _________% of the racoon population being vaccinated
a. 50
- What size is the Navajo nation area?
a. 27,000 sq miles
- What percentage of Navajo nation dogs are vaccinated for rabies and other diseases?
a. Only 20%
- How many dog bite were there on the Navajo nations land between 2013 and 2015, and how many resulted in an emergency room visit?
a. 1,000 bite
b. 500 emergency room visits
- How many households are there on the Navajo lands, how many dogs per houshoul, and how many dogs total?
a. 89,000
b. 4-5 dogs
c. 445,000
- In April last year how many dogs were lifted by police in the Navajo lands? How many were adopted? And how many released back to families… the remander were killed
a. 2332 total
b. 79 adopted
c. 331 relesed
- How many dogs does the Navajo nation euthanise each year
a. 6,000
- What county and city are surrounded by Navajo nation and how many animals do they need to euthanise each year?
a. Mckinley county
b. Gallup city
c. 4,000
- When the trail I n the Navajo nation land took place with 373 dogs how many showed immunity?
a. 30%
- What is the seringetti nation park?
a. Worl heritage site
b. Conservation area in Africa
c. Category II
- What animals have rabies in the serengetti national park?
a. Dogs
b. African wild dogs
c. Bat eared foxes
- What is the IUCN?
a. Word conservative congress
- What endangered species are found within the serengetti park?
a. African wild dog
b. Cheeta
c. Striped hyena
d. Lion
- How many stripped hyena are left in the wild?
a. 5-14,000
- What percentage of areas has the cheetah been made extinct, how many are left in the wild?
a. 90%
b. 7,100
- How many countries have the lion been made extinct? Making up what percentage of their historic area range?.. how many are left… how many were there 10 years ago
a. 26 countries
b. 95%
c. 20,000
d. 330,000
- SPotte hyenes: _______ dominant the group, submission is shown through _________, they have a high population density which then vival with other ________
a. Female
b. Licking
c. Clans
- Is the variant of rabies found in the bat eared foxes the same as the variant found in hyennas and canines in the serengetti?
a. NO
