Taylorella

Question 1

Where is Taylorella often found?

Answer 1

Horses assholes

Question 2

Taylorella Gram negative/positive?

Answer 2

Gram Negative

Question 3

Taylorella Anaerobe/Non-Aerobe? Shape?

Answer 3

Facultative Anaerobic Coccobacillus

Question 4

What causes contagious equine metritis (CEM)?

Answer 4

Taylorella equigenitalis A notifiable disease in many countries

Question 5

What disease does Taylorella equigenitalis cause in horses?

Answer 5

CEM - Contagious equine metritis

Question 6

What strain do donkeys have?

Answer 6

T. asinigenitalis Normal male donkeys Non pathogenic, few disease cases Differentiate from T equigenitalis!

Question 7

What are the signs of CEM?

Answer 7

Contagious Equine Metritis: -Acute, suppurative, self-limiting disease of uterus of mares

Question 8

What effects does CEM have on the mare?

Answer 8

-Temporary sterility, highly communicable, followed by long-term asymptomatic carriage

Question 9

Do stallions develop signs of CEM disease?

Answer 9

No, they are asymptomatic carriers

Question 10

Taylorella: Virulence Factors

Answer 10

Capsule Cell Wall

Question 11

Capsule functions

Answer 11

Carbohydrates Anti-phagocytic & anti-complement (macrophages)

Question 12

Taylorella: Cell Wall description

Answer 12

Typical Gram Negative LPS - endotoxin, O-repeats, proinflammatory Shares antigens with Haemophilus, Pasteurella, Brucella

Question 13

Which 4 bacteria share antigens?

Answer 13

Taylorella, Haemophilus, Pasteurella, Brucella

Question 14

Taylorella: Resistance?

Answer 14

Not remarkable, Good response to antibiotics

Question 15

Taylorella: Variability?

Answer 15

Antigenically homogeneous -SOME differences found using PCR or PFGE

Question 16

Taylorella: Reservoir?

Answer 16

Parasite exclusively of equine genital tract. Note: Antibodies found in cattle & human but no infection

Question 17

Taylorella: Where is it endemic?

Answer 17

Europe Has been found in Japan, Australia, North America

Question 18

Taylorella: How is it transmitted?

Answer 18

Sexually! Dirty, slutty horses Sometimes virgins & newborns have it Some contaminated instruments Maybe in utero or during parturition

Question 19

What is the pathogenesis of Taylorella?

Answer 19

Not well described Purulent endometritis within days of exposure -Variable amounts of exudate

Question 20

How is CEM resolved?

Answer 20

Uterine infection subsides spontaneously within several weeks -ONLY effect is FAILURE TO CONCEIVE from that breeding session -Complete endometrial repair -No lasting breeding impairment -FEW abortions -No fevor or signs of illness

Question 21

What disease is this?

Answer 21

CEM!! Taylorella equigenitalis! Gross

Question 22

Is CEM reportable?

Answer 22

YES!! REPORTABLE IN USA

Question 23

What anatomical locations harbor T. equigenitalis on horses?

Answer 23

Persistance is frequent in endemic areas Mares: clitoral fossa & sinuses Stallions: prepuce, urethra, urethral fossa, sinus

Question 24

What would cause CEM or T. equigenitalis to disseminate?

Answer 24

Breeding operations Movement & use of infected animals

Question 25

Do recovered animals show resistance to Taylorella?

Answer 25

Yes. Resistance present in recovered animals

Question 26

Describe Antibody production in response to Taylorella

Answer 26

Antibodies present in serum & vaginal mucus -Stallions do not mount an Antibody response

Question 27

How do bacterins help in defense against the dark arts of Taylorella?

Answer 27

Bacterins do not prevent infection Do reduce severity

Question 28

What would you use to diagnose Taylorella with microscopy

Answer 28

Gram Stain the uterine exudate -Definitive diagnosis based on special media culture or serological methods or PCR

Question 29

What is the proper technique for collecting Taylorella for culture?

Answer 29

Swab --\> Transport medium --\> Agar

Question 30

What type of transport medium should be used for swabs of Taylorella?

Answer 30

Amies charcoal transport medium

Question 31

What type of agar should Taylorella be grown on?

Answer 31

Chocolage Eugon agar (Horse Blood) Hematin Agar Chocolate Agar

Question 32

How should Taylorella be properly cultured on agar?

Answer 32

For 1 week Streptomycin, clindamycin or trimethoprim for selective media 5-10% CO2 at 37C

Question 33

Is Taylorella Oxidase positive or negative?

Answer 33

Positive

Question 34

Is Taylorella Catalase positive or negative?

Answer 34

Positive

Question 35

Is Taylorella phosphatase positive or negative?

Answer 35

Positive

Question 36

Describe the biochemical aspects of Taylorella: Oxidase/Catalase/Phosphatase

Answer 36

All Positive!

Question 37

Is any acid produced from carbohydrates with Taylorella?

Answer 37

No acid is produced from carbohydrates

Question 38

What agar is pictured below?

Answer 38

Taylorella on hematin agar

Question 39

Describe the Treatment and Control of Taylorella in non-endemic countries

Answer 39

Uterine infusions of disinfectancts & systemic antibiotic treatment (Questionable, 2% chlorhexidine + Nitrofurazone) -Sample & culture the prepuce, urethral sinus, fossa glandis of stallions -Stallions bred to 2 uninfected mares (then sample clitoral fossa & sinuses 3x) -Close exam of imported animals (some countries require obliterating clitoral sinuses of imported mares)

Question 40

What should you sample from males suspected with Taylorella?

Answer 40

Prepuce, urethral sinus & fossa glandis

Question 41

Describe the treatment and control of Taylorella in endemic countries

Answer 41

Mandatory Veterinary examination Negative culture of all animals intended for breeding Supervision of movement of horses