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RUSVM Bacteriology Gram Negatives > Burkholderia > Flashcards

Burkholderia Flashcards

1
Q

Burkholderia: Gram ___? Shape?

A

Gram Negative, Rods

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2
Q

Burkholderia: Catalase result?

A

Catalase Positive

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3
Q

Burkholderia: Aerobe/Non-aerobe?

A

Aerobic

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4
Q

Burkholderia: Taxonomy

A

Used to be in genus Pseudomonas. Oxidizes carbohydrates -24+ species

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5
Q

Burkholderia: Pathogenic strains:

A

Animals: B. mallei, B. pseudomallei Compromised humans: B. cepacia, B gladioli

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6
Q

Burkholderia: General Disease Pattern

A

Pyogranulomatous Diseases -Few organisms needed to cause disease

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7
Q

Burkholderia: Pathogen classification (by CDC & USDA/APHIS)

A

Category B! REPORTABLE!! Biosafety level 3 Aerosol infection possible

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8
Q

Burkholderia mallei -Dangerous uses

A

REPORTABLE!! Bioweaponized! WWII Germans spread to debilitate enemy horses

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9
Q

Burkholderia mallei -Disease Pattern

A

“Glanders” REPORTABLE!

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10
Q

Burkholderia mallei -Species affected

A

Glanders in: *Equids*, *Felines, dogs, goats, camels, sheep, *humans* -Dead-end hosts

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11
Q

Burkholderia mallei What species is particularly susceptible?

A

Cats (Guinea pigs & hamsters in labs too)

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12
Q

Burkholderia mallei Main geographic location?

A

Asia & South America

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13
Q

Burkholderia mallei Characteristic signs?

A

Nodules & ulcers in respiratory tract or on skin -Systemic pyogranulomatous diseases vary in acuteness & severity

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14
Q

Burkholderia mallei Cellular products of medical interest?

A

Capsule (anti-complement/ anti-phagocytosis) Cell Wall (LPS) Miscellaneous products

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15
Q

Burkholderia mallei Miscellaneous products

A

-Quorum sensing -Type 3 & 4 secretion systems (T3SS, T4SS) -Proteases, lipases, phospholipase C

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16
Q

Burkholderia mallei Reservoir

A

-*Equidae*- True parasite (die outside w/in 2 weeks) -Respiratory tract or skin lesions

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17
Q

Burkholderia mallei Common reservoir site in males

A

Glanderous orchitis common in males (Inflammation of one or both testicles)

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18
Q

Burkholderia mallei Transmission

A

*Ingestion* (feed/water) -Fomites -Inhalation -Wounds

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19
Q

Burkholderia mallei Pathogenesis

A

Primary lesion @ point of entry (pharynx, skin) –> Spreads by blood & lymphatics –> Nodular lesions in: Lymph nodes, lungs, spleen, liver, nasal septum, skin (cutaneous glanders = “farcy”)

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20
Q

Burkholderia mallei General Glanders description

A

Usually chronic, disseminated, debilitating disease

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21
Q

Burkholderia mallei Cutaneous glanders = ____?

A

Farcy

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22
Q

Burkholderia mallei Pathology

A

Suppurative & Granulomatous lesions

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23
Q

Burkholderia mallei Pathology Suppurative lesion description

A

Basic nodular lesion, made up initially of neutrophils, fibrin, red cells

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24
Q

Burkholderia mallei Pathology Granulomatous lesion description

A

Central necrotic area becomes surrounded by epithelioid, giant cells & lymphocytes embedded in granulation tissue

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25
Q

Burkholderia mallei: Glanders Acute Infection

A

Fever - Nasal Discharge - Lymphadenitis Of head & neck with swelling along upper respiratory tract –Usually ends fatally in 2 weeks–

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26
Q

Burkholderia mallei: Glanders Chronic Infection

A

Common in horses IF signs are present they include: Fever - Persistant respiratory problems - Skin abscesses (Farcy) - nodular induration (sclerosis/hardening) of cranial lymph nodes

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27
Q

Burkholderia mallei: Glanders Humans!

A

ZOONOTIC! -Traced to an ill horse usually -Acute / Chronic -50% mortality before antimicrobials

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28
Q

What are these pictures of?

A

Glanders!

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29
Q

Burkholderia pseudomallei Diseases

A

REPORTABLE!!! Melioidosis and pseudoglanders

30
Q

Burkholderia pseudomallei “The Great Imitator” Disease Description

A

Pyogranulomatous diseases, usually disseminate REPORTABLE

31
Q

Burkholderia pseudomallei Intracellular/Extracellular?

A

Facultative intracellular rod

32
Q

Burkholderia pseudomallei Saprophyte/ Parasite? -Reservoir-

A

Saprophyte! *Unlike B. mallei!* Wet environments: endosymbiot of amoeba living in environment. Swampy terrain or rice paddies

33
Q

Burkholderia pseudomallei Motile/Non-Motile?

A

Motile by Flagella! **Different than B. Mallei*

34
Q

Name Differences between B. mallei and B. pseudomallei

A

B. Mallei: Non-Motile - obligate parasite - grows slower - does not oxidize lactose - No growth at 42C B. pseudomallei: Motile - saprophyte - grows faster - oxidizes lactose - Grows at 42C -

35
Q

Burkholderia pseudomallei Melioidosis General

A

Similar to Glanders with wider host range

36
Q

Burkholderia pseudomallei Melioidosis Species Affected

A

-Mainly Sheep & goats -Severe in rodents (tropical) -Avian -Fish -Reptiles

37
Q

Burkholderia pseudomallei Melioidosis in Humans

A

Range from subclinical to rapidly FATAL

38
Q

Burkholderia pseudomallei Cellular products of interest

A

Adhesins - Adherence Capsule - Protection Cell Wall - LPS Miscellaneous products

39
Q

Burkholderia pseudomallei Adhesins What do they bind to?

A

-Adheres to amoebic throphozoites & phagocytes -Flagellin aids

40
Q

Burkholderia pseudomallei Miscellaneous Products

A

T3SS, T4SS Pathogenicity Island (unknown effector functions) Proteases, Lipases, Phospholipase C

41
Q

Burkholderia pseudomallei Reservoir

A

-Soil & water (amoeba) -Mainly tropics, also Europe, Asia, North America -Increased disease incidence with heavy rainfall

42
Q

Burkholderia pseudomallei Transmission

A

Ingestion Wound infection Airborne Arthropod bites (+/-)

43
Q

Burkholderia pseudomallei Melioidosis Systemic disease description

A

Chronic nodular or purulent inflammatory diseases -Any tissue -Pyogranulomatous

44
Q

Burkholderia pseudomallei Melioidosis Systemic disease in humans

A

Whitmore’s Disease -asymptomatic to overwhelming sepsis -Pneumonia, benign, acute-chronic, “Vietnamese Time Bomb”

45
Q

Burkholderia pseudomallei Melioidosis Human disease nickname

A

Vietnamese Time Bomb -Still present in veterans

46
Q

Burkholderia pseudomallei Melioidosis Dog presentation

A

Febrile disease with localized suppurative foci

47
Q

Burkholderia pseudomallei Melioidosis Equine

A

Mimics “Glanders” Pseudoglanders

48
Q

Burkholderia pseudomallei Melioidosis Cattle

A

Acute or chronic Localize in lungs, joints, uterus

49
Q

Burkholderia pseudomallei Melioidosis Sheep

A

Arthritis and lymphadenitis

50
Q

Burkholderia pseudomallei Melioidosis Goats

A

Loss of condition, respiratory, CNS disturbances, arthritis, mastitis

51
Q

Burkholderia pseudomallei Melioidosis Swine

A

Loss of condition, respiratory & CNS disturbances, arthritis, mastitis, abortion, diarrhea

52
Q

Burkholderia pseudomallei Lab Dx Classification? Submitted to what labs?

A

BSL-3 Submit isolates to reference laboratories

53
Q

Lab Dx What stains can you use with Burkholderia pseudomallei?

A

Giemsa Methylene Blue Wright’s Gram

54
Q

What samples should be used for lab diagnostics for Burkholderia pseudomallei?

A

Nodular contents (swab, aspirates)

55
Q

What type of agar should Burkholderia pseudomallei be grown on?

A

Blood Glycerol Glycerol-potato Chocolate MacConkey (some)

56
Q

What grows faster, B. pseudomallei or B. mallei?

A

B. pseudomallei faster! <48hr

57
Q

What percentage NaCl should Burkholderia pseudomallei be grown on?

A

Burkholderia pseudomallei grows on 2% NaCl

58
Q

Does Burkholderia pseudomallei oxidize lactose?

A

Yes! Oxidizes lactose UNLIKE B. mallei and P. aeuruginosa

59
Q

What temperature can Burkholderia pseudomallei grow at but B. mallei cannot?

A

42C B. pseudomallai and P aeruginosa can grow at 42C but B. mallei cannot

60
Q

What medium helps detect Burkholderia pseudomallei in mixed infections?

A

Ashdown’s selective medium

61
Q

What species are used for in vivo laboratory infections?

A

Guinea pigs & hamsters -Highly susceptible

62
Q

What type of agar is demonstrated below? How long and what temp should Burkholderia pseudomallei be grown at?

A

Pseudomonas cepacia “PC agar” -72 hours at 30C

63
Q

What type of agar is demonstrated below?

A

MacConkey Agar Note- B. pseudomallei oxidizes the lactose

64
Q

What serological tests are useful in diagnosing Burkholderia pseudomallei?

A

IFA, complement fixation, ELISA Indirect hemagglutination most common, lacks specificity (and always PCR for molecular Dx)

65
Q

What tests are done on horses coming into the USA?

A

Complement fixation = official test Intradermal palpebral mallein test (detects Cell mediated hypersensitivity, indicated infection)

66
Q

What are the immunological aspects of Burkholderia pseudomallei?

A

Humoral & CMI Recovered are not protected No commercial vaccines (though successful in horses & zoo animals)

67
Q

How is Glanders (B. mallei) controlled in endemic areas?

A

Testing suspect clinical cases Screening apparently normal animals Destroying reactors Communal feeding & watering discouraged

68
Q

How is Glanders (B. mallei) controlled/ treated in outbreaks?

A

All contaminated bedding & footstuffs should be burned or buried

69
Q

Should you treat equids with Glanders? (B. mallei)

A

TREATING EQUIDS IS DISCOURAGED!!! -Same antibiotics as humans -Positives to Mallein-test are destroyed

70
Q

How is Meilioidosis (B. pseudomallei) treated and controlled?

A

No effective prevention -Contact with water and soil too common Surgically drain abscesses & antimicrobial therapy Treatment must be in early course of disease -Highly resistant, Fluoroquinolones & tetracyclines are choice -No commercial vaccines for Glanders of Melioidosis

RUSVM Bacteriology Gram Negatives (26 decks)

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