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RUSVM Bacteriology Gram Negatives > Leptospira > Flashcards

Leptospira Flashcards

1
Q

Leptospira Gram___? Shape?

A

Gram Negative Classic spirochetes Diverse, many variations/serotypes

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2
Q

Leptospira Motile/Non-motile?

A

Motile

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3
Q

Leptospira Distribution? Reportable?

A

Worldwide. REPORTABLE in USA

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4
Q

Leptospira Disease Patterns Hallmark sign

A

Late-term abortion

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5
Q

Leptospira Disease Patterns Dogs

A

Septicemia - Hepatic & Renal Disease

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6
Q

Leptospira - Disease Patterns Cattle & Swine

A

Septicemia in young Abortion in adults

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7
Q

Leptospira - Disease Patterns Horses

A

Abortion & uveitis (moon blindness)

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8
Q

Leptospira - Disease Patterns California Sea Lions

A

Acute septicemia

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9
Q

Leptospira - Disease Patterns Humans

A

Acute febrile disease

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10
Q

How is Leptospira best visualized on microscopy?

A

Dark-field or phase-contrast microscopy

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11
Q

Leptospira Cell wall description

A

LPS with feeble endotoxin

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12
Q

Leptospira Stable/Labile in environment? What kills it?

A

Weak/Labile Killed by drying, freezing, heat, detergents, bile salts, acidic environment

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13
Q

Leptospira Where can it persist in environment?

A

Moist, temperate environment @neutral or slighly alkaline pH

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14
Q

Leptospira What type of agar does it grow on?

A

It doesn’t! GOTCHA! No agar! Usually grown in fluid or semi-solid media

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15
Q

Leptospira Oxidase Pos/Neg?

A

Oxidase positive

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16
Q

Leptospira Catalase Pos/Neg?

A

Catalase positive

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17
Q

Leptospira Urease & Lipase Pos/Neg?

A

Some are lipase & urease positive

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18
Q

Leptospira How is advanced identification established?

A

Serology (PCR still in development

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19
Q

Leptospira Reservoir

A

Tubule of Mammalian kidneys! Especially rodents! Wild carnivores, birds, reptiles, amphibians, invertebrates too

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20
Q

Leptospira Transmission

A

Urine contamination! **Bodies of water** Fluid/fomite/feed contacts skin/mucous membranes. Milk in acutely infected cows

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21
Q

Leptospira Pathogenesis

A

Spirochetes enter bloodstream–> Colonize liver and/or kidney (also muscle, eyes, meninges)

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22
Q

Leptospira Clinical Signs/Pathology

A

>Nonsuppurative meningitis, hemorrhages >L. serovar Pomona in Cattle (intravascular hemolysis) >Autoimmune diseases, Icterus (liver damage & blood destruction) >Acute, subacute, chronic nephritis

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23
Q

Leptospira Dogs Most important serovars

A

**Canicola** Iceterohemorrhagiae Grippotyphosa

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24
Q

Leptospira- Dogs Acute form -Describe & is it fatal?

A

Puppies! Fever, hemorrhaging mucus membranes, epistaxis, blood-stained feces Fatal within days

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25
Q

Leptospira-Dogs Icteric form

A

Less conspicuous hemorrhage Prominent Icterus Renal casts & leukocytes in urine

26
Q

Leptospira- Dogs Uremic form

A

*Kidneys* with or without other two forms Acute & rapidly fatal GI upset, uremic breath, GI ulcerations

27
Q

Leptospira - Dogs Name the three forms

A

Acute Form Icteric Form Uremic Form

28
Q

What is this dog infected with?

A

Acute Leptospirosis! Likely Icteric form

29
Q

Name the organ, name the pathogen, describe the lesion,

A

Lung -Dog Leptospirosis Petechiae scattered throughout lung

30
Q

Name the organ, name the pathogen, describe the lesion

A

Kidney - Dog Leptospirosis Pale mottled to striated cortex consistent with tubulointerstitial nephritis

31
Q

Leptospira - Cattle Most common manifestation? Exact cause?

A

Abortion! Mostly late-term Fetal death NOT placental infection

32
Q

Leptospira - Cattle Serovar Hardjo Disease nickname

A

“Weak Calf Syndrome”

33
Q

Leptospira - Cattle Serovar Hardjo Clinical signs

A

“Weak Calf Syndrome” In utero infection Repro failure & infertility Chronic infection in kidneys–>urine shedding

34
Q

Leptospira - Cattle Serovar Pomona Acute/Chronic? Most affected?

A

Acute leptospirosis in calves, some adults

35
Q

Leptospira - Cattle Serovar Pomona Clinical signs - Fatality rate

A

Fever, hemoglobinuria, icterus, anemia Fatality rate = 5-15%

36
Q

Leptospira - Cattle Serovars Grippotyphosa, Icterohemorrhagiae, Canicola

A

May cause bovine infections, certain parts of world

37
Q

Leptospira- Swine Serovars affecting them:

A

Pomona Icterohemorrhagiae Canicola Taravossi Bratislava Muenchen

38
Q

Leptospira- Swine Disease Pattern

A

Septicemia with icterus and hemorrhage -Usually piglets

39
Q

Leptospira- Horse Serovars affecting them:

A

Pomona Grippotyphosa Icterohemorrhagiae

40
Q

Leptospira-Horse Disease Pattern

A

Fever Mild Icterus Abortion

41
Q

Leptospira- Horse Effect on eye:

A

Icteric conjunctiva

Equine recurrent uveitis -Periodic ophthalmia -Moon blindness -Equine recurrent iridocyclitis

42
Q

Leptospira-California Sea Lion Serovar?

A

Pomona

43
Q

Leptospira-California Sea Lion Disease Pattern?

A

Periodic mortalities

44
Q

Leptospira-Humans Serovars?

A

Susceptible to all serovars

45
Q

Leptospira-Humans Disease Pattern

A

Fever Icterus Muscular pain Rashes Non-suppurative meningitis

46
Q

Leptospira-Humans What disease pattern is associated with serovar Icterohemorrhagiae

A

Fatal liver or renal disease

47
Q

What immunoglobulins are associated with recovery from a Leptospira infection?

A

Circulating IgM and IgG

48
Q

Leptospira- Do recovered animals have lasting immunity? Any exceptions?

A

Yes. Very effective and serovar-specific immunity (Except multiple Hardjo abortions in cows reported)

49
Q

Leptospira What species do serovar-specific vaccines exist for?

A

Dogs Cattle Swine Humans –Temporary immunity-Boosters

50
Q

Leptospira - Lab Diagnosis Live samples collected

A

Not milk! -Blood *Urine* -CSF -Uterine fluids -Placental cotyledons

51
Q

Leptospira-Lab diagnosis Necropsy samples collected

A

*Kidneys*, liver, spleen, lung, brain, eye

52
Q

Leptospira- Direct Exam Stains used?

A

-PCR -Wet mount stains: Darkfield IFA Silver Stains

53
Q

Leptospira- Culture medium

A

May be attempted in EMJH medium

54
Q

Leptospira- Intraperitoneal inoculations

A

May be attempted Kidneys examined Serological assays

55
Q

Leptospira-Serology -Test used?

A

Common/Best for Dx Microscopic agglutination test

56
Q

Leptospira- Serology What samples are best for Microscopic agglutination test?

A

Paired samples preferable with increasing titer

57
Q

Leptospira-Other diagnostic tests?

A

Complement fixation Other agglutination tests ELISA

58
Q

Leptospira- Treatment Antibiotic resistance?

A

Generally low resistance High susceptibility

59
Q

Leptospira- Treatment Antibiotics used?

A

Penicillin Streptomycin Tetracyclin Chloramphenicol Erythromycin

60
Q

Leptospira-Treatment When is the most effective time to treat?

A

Must be started early in infection or prophylactically

61
Q

Leptospira-Treatment What develops in cattle with sustained infection?

A

Biofilms

62
Q

Leptospira- Vaccination?

A

Prevents clinical disease -Infection and shedding still can occur

RUSVM Bacteriology Gram Negatives (26 decks)

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