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Campylobacter & Arcobacter Flashcards

1
Q

Campylobacter & Arcobacter belong to which family?

A

Family Campylobacteriaceae

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2
Q

Campylobacter & Arcobacter Gram___? Shape

A

Gram negative Small, curved rods

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3
Q

Campylobacter & Arcobacter Spore-forming?

A

No spores

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4
Q

Campylobacter & Arcobacter Shape when in pairs?

A

S-shaped or *gull-wing*

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5
Q

Campylobacter & Arcobacter Shape when in chains?

A

Spiral *picture*

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6
Q

Campylobacter & Arcobacter Cause disease in which areas?

A

Reproductive Tract Intestinal Tract

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7
Q

Campylobacter & Arcobacter Zoonotic?

A

Several strains, yes

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8
Q

What is the causative agent of “vibriosis”

A

Campylobacter fetus & subspecies Originally classified with Vibrio spp.

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9
Q

What is the name for an infection by Campylobacter fetus

A

Vibriosis

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10
Q

Name two Campylobacter species that are leading causes of food-borne bacterial gastroenteritis in humans?

A

C. jejuni C. coli

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11
Q

Sources of C. jejuni & C. coli

A

Un/undercooked contaminated food (meat/*poultry*) Unpasteurized milk Contaminated water

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12
Q

Campylobacter - Virulence factors - Name them

A

Cell Wall - LPS Capsule Adhesins Flagella Cia CDT T2SS T4SS

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13
Q

Campylobacter - Virulence LPS compared to Enterobacteriaceae

A

Not as immunoreactive as Enterobacteriaceae LPS

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14
Q

Campylobacter - Virulence LPS- C. fetus

A

C. fetus- long O-antigen chain for serum resistance

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15
Q

Campylobacter - Virulence LPS- C. jejuni

A

Makes LOS instead! -Varies depending on location (Intestine vs. blood) (Mammal vs. avian)

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16
Q

Campylobacter - Virulence Capsule

A

Highly variable Useful for serotyping Shields LOS of C. jejuni

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17
Q

Campylobacter - Virulence Adhesins (type, species, role)

A

CadF in C. jejuni and C. coli -Mediates adhesion to cells

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18
Q

Campylobacter - Virulence Flagella

A

Motility & colonization

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19
Q

Campylobacter - Virulence Mutations in flagellin gene

A

Mutations in flagellin genes: -Abolish motility -Prevent secretion of Cia (Campylobacter Invasion Antigen)

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20
Q

Campylobacter - Virulence Cia

A

Campylobacter Invasion Antigen -Needed for cell invasion

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21
Q

Campylobacter - Virulence CDT

A

Cytolethal Distending Toxin -Most species -ONLY toxin in the genus -Causes apoptosis of host cells

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22
Q

Campylobacter - Virulence T2SS

A

“Natural competence” Binds free DNA for genomic/plasmid incorporatoin & replication

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23
Q

What is known as “natural competence?”

A

T2SS

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24
Q

Campylobacter - Virulence T4SS

A

Genetic transfer role *C. fetus sbsp venerealis* in bovine reproductive tract

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25
Q

What species & subspecies infects the bovine reproductive tract and secretes T4SS?

A

*C. fetus sbsp venerealis*

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26
Q

Campylobacter- Conditions for Growth - O2/CO2

A

Microaerobic -Require 3-10% O2 -Require 3-15% CO2

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27
Q

Campylobacter - Temperature for growth of all species

A

37C (poor-no growth below 30C)

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28
Q

Campylobacter - Which species grow at 42C

A

C. jejuni C. coli C. lari

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29
Q

Campylobacter Oxidase pos/neg?

A

Oxidase positive

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30
Q

Campylobacter Lactose fermenter?

A

Non-lactose fermenting or oxidizing

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31
Q

How is most Campylobacter serotyping done?

A

Via molecular methods (PCR)

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32
Q

Campylobacter- Reservoir C. fetus sbsp venerealis

A

Preputial crypts of carrier bulls Few cows persisten vaginal carriers/reservoirs

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33
Q

Campylobacter - Reservoir C. fetus sbsp fetus

A

Intestinal tract & gall bladder of infected ruminants

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34
Q

Campylobacter- Reservoir C. jejuni (and other enteric spp)

A

Intestinal tract & gall bladder of carrier species (many)

35
Q

Campylobacter- Reservoir C. coli

A

Pigs & poultry primarily

36
Q

Campylobacter- Transmission Reproductive disease Name the species that cause this

A

C. fetus sbsp venerealis C. fetus sbsp fetus C. jejuni

37
Q

Campylobacter- Transmission C. fetus sbsp venerealis

A

Especially in cattle -Venereally! (duh, subspecies name) -Coitus, artificial insemination

38
Q

Campylobacter- Transmission C. fetus sbsp fetus & C. jenuni

A

C. jejuni (especially sheep/goats) Ingestion of fecal OR fetus-contaminated feed/water “Fecal-Oral OR Fetus-oral”

39
Q

Campylobacter- Transmission Enteric disease

A

Fecal-Oral Human-Human is rare Usually *poultry!* -Meat -Unpasteurized milk -Contaminated water

40
Q

Campylobacter- Pathogenesis Cow

A

Coitus/Transmission of C. fetus sbsp. venerealis –> Multiply & hang out in cervico-vaginal junction until end of estrous (PMNs, Blood) –> Progestational phase: infects uterus, inflammation, endometritis, abortions

41
Q

Campylobacter- Signs & immunity development Cow, bull

A

Cow-Repeat breeding & extended cycles (10-60, normal 21) Herd bull- loss of condition -Immunity eventually develops -Process takes years

42
Q

What is the reportable disease caused by Campylobacter?

A

Bovine Genital Campylobacteriosis

43
Q

Describe disease pattern of Bovine Genital Campylobacteriosis?

A

Fetal ansarca (edema everywhere) Metritis (necrotizing inflammation with grayish-brown foul smelling uterine exudate)

44
Q

Campylobacter- Pathogenesis Sheep & Goats

A

Ingestion of C. fetus sbsp fetus or C. jejuni –> Bloodstream–> Localize in pregnant [late-stage] uterus –> Placentitis & “ABORTION STORM” (highly contaminated fluids)

45
Q

What area does Campylobacter often cause disease in?

A

Reproductive disease -Very common cause of ovine abortion in some countries

46
Q

Abortion Pathology Describe the findings

A

Campylobacter abortion Multifocal liver necrosis in stillborn lamb

47
Q

Abortion Pathology Describe the findings

A

Campylobacter abortion Pleurisy & pericarditis in stillborn lamb

48
Q

Abortion Pathology Describe the finding

A

***Know this one***Necrotic Target or “Donut” shaped lesion in fetal liver are PATHOGNOMONIC for ovine Campylobacter. (C. jejuni or C. fetus spp. fetus

49
Q

Campylobacter Pathogenesis C. jejuni - Enteric Disease

A

Bacteria adhere to cells in distal small intestine –> Inflammation & tissue destruction (Cia, Cytotoxin, PMNs) –> Secretion of Cl- and water (Diarrhea)

50
Q

What is the most frequent cause of food poisoning in many countries?

A

Campylobacter jejuni

51
Q

What is the most common source of Campylobacter (C. jejuni in particular)

A

Poultry meat!

52
Q

What can direct contact with dogs cause?

A

C. jejuni infection! Enteric disease

53
Q

Look at the important diagram

54
Q

Campylobacter Epidemiology Cattle

A

Reproductive disease -Primarily Beef with natural breeding -AI reduced prevalence in Dairy

55
Q

Campylobacter Epidemiology Sheep/Goats

A

Abortions! especially when crowded -C. jejuni & C. fetus sbsp fetus, Occasionally C. coli

56
Q

Campylobacter Epidemiology Enteric Disease - chickens

A

Fecal-oral! ~50% of chicken ceca contain C. jejuni

57
Q

Campylobacter Epidemiology Enteric Disease- Shelters

A

Shelter dogs/cats & dogs fed homemade diets likely to carry C. jejuni

58
Q

What can happen if a slaughterhouse is infected with Campylobacter?

A

May contaminate all poultry meat products, even to point-of-sale

59
Q

Campylobacter - Immunology Reproductive Disease in Cattle Cow

A

Active response in uterus & normal flora usually clear it

60
Q

Campylobacter - Immunology Reproductive Disease in Cattle Type of Antibodies used & role

A

Serum IgM, IgG Secreted IgA, IgG, IgM Prevent adherence of organisms

61
Q

Campylobacter - Immunology Reproductive Disease in Cattle Bull

A

Older bulls may be infected carriers for life - Deep preputial crypts

62
Q

Campylobacter - Immunology Reproductive Disease in Cattle Vaccination

A

May prevent/eliminate infection from males & females

63
Q

Campylobacter - Immunology Reproductive Disease in Sheep/Goats

A

Immune after abortion/vaccination IgM and IgG antibodies (promote opsonization & complement)

64
Q

Campylobacter- Immunology Enteric Disease

A

Effective circulating & mucosal antibodies protect mucosa (not lumen) -Usually self-limiting -Recolonization possible without clinical signs

65
Q

Campylobacter - Sample collection - Cattle

A

Repro disease From males-more likely positive Smegma or preputial scrapings All bulls, 10% cows should be sampled

66
Q

Campylobacter- Sample collection -Sheep

A

Repro disease Abomasal fluid, lung, liver from aborted fetuses Placenta & associated fluids often over-contaminated

67
Q

Campylobacter - Sample collection -Enteric disease

A

Fecal samples

68
Q

Campylobacter - Direct exam Cattle

A

Reproductive Disease -Difficult, low numbers, fluorescent stains useful

69
Q

Campylobacter- Direct exam Sheep

A

Reproductive Disease -Visualization of small curved rods w/tumbling motility

70
Q

Campylobacter- Direct exam Enteric disease

A

Numerous slender, curved, gram-negative rods

71
Q

Campylobacter - Isolation Reproductive Disease

A

Selective media decreases contaminants -Vancomycin -Polymixin -Trimethoprim

72
Q

Campylobacter Isolation Enteric Disease

A

Similar to Reproductive Dz *Skirrow medium* -Antibiotic as with Repro dz, with lysed horse blood

73
Q

Campylobacter- Treatment Cattle reproductive disease

A

VACCINATION!! AI Streptomycin topically and/or systemically for bulls, then VACCINATE

74
Q

Campylobacter - Treatment Sheep/Goat Reproductive disease

A

Vaccination reduce severity/occurrence of abortion storms -Tetracycline resistance developed

75
Q

Campylobacter- Treatment Enteric disease

A

Usually self-limiting Macrolides=drug of choice Hygeine!

76
Q

Are there vaccines available for C. jejuni?

A

Causes enteric disease NO vaccines available

77
Q

Arcobacter- Disease pattern -Livestock

A

Diarrhea Abortion

78
Q

Arcobacter- Disease pattern Cattle

79
Q

Arcobacter- Disease pattern Humans

A

Gastroenteritis (usually self-limiting)

80
Q

Arcobacter - (3) Species of concern

A

A. butzleri A. cryaerophilus A. skirrowii

81
Q

Arcobacter - Reservoir

A

Intestinal tract & environment of infected animals

82
Q

Arcobacter - Growth characteristics

A

Aerotolerant Tolerant of lower temps than Campylobacter MacConkey growth at 37C

83
Q

Arcobacter-Transmission

A

Likely Fecal-Oral

RUSVM Bacteriology Gram Negatives (26 decks)

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