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Pediatrics-MJ > T3-Cancer Group Work > Flashcards

T3-Cancer Group Work Flashcards

1
Q

What cancer is radiation contraindicated in young children and why?

A

CNS tumors; contraindicated in children under age 3 since the radiation can cause severe developmental problems in the future

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2
Q

What cancer does a fundus examination and why?

A

Retinoblastoma; the fundus allows visualization of the entire retina in both eyes to determine the extent of the tumor

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3
Q

What is the goal of chemotherapy?

A

To destroy as many cancer cells as possible without sustaining severe damage to normal cells

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4
Q

What is the first sign of Hodgkins disease?

A

Unilateral, nontender enlargement of a cervical node

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5
Q

What is the most common site of metastasis for osteosarcoma cancers?

A

The lungs

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6
Q

Chemotherapy principles: What are antineoplastic drugs?

A

Cancer drugs that are most destructive to rapidly reproducing cells (both normal and malignant)

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7
Q

Chemo principles. What are rapidly reproducing cells and in turn, what would the effect of antineoplastic drugs be on these cells?

A
  1. Epithelial cells of GI tract–> Stomatitis, mucositis
  2. Cells in bone marrow–> Bone marrow supression
  3. Immature reproductive cells in pubescent children
  4. Cells in hair follicles–» Alopecia
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8
Q

What are the 4 most common sites of involvement for Rhabdomyosarcoma?

A
  • Head and neck
  • GU track
  • Extremity
  • Trunk
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9
Q

What age group and gender are most affected by Wilms’ Tumor?

A

Age: Under 5, greatest frequency before age 3
Gender: Boys and girls affected equally

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10
Q

What cancer primary affects the SNS?

A

Neuroblastoma

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11
Q

Where do neuroblastoma cancer cells originate from?

A

Neural crest cells that are present in fetal development

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12
Q

What is the most common type of leukemia?

A

Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)

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13
Q

What cancer has the CNS body system especially targeted for prophylaxis?

A

Leukemia

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14
Q

What are the 3 treatment stages for ALL?

A

Conduction
Consolidation
Maintenance

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15
Q

What are the 2 types of aplastic anemias?

A

Congenital

Acquired

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16
Q

4 early warning signs of Wilms’?

A

Hematuria
Anemia
HTN
Abdominal mass

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17
Q

What is the definitive diagnosis for rhabdomyosarcoma?

A

Biopsy of the lesion

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18
Q

Where does osteoscarcoma occur most frequently?

A

The ends of long bones

  • Distal femur
  • Proximal tibia
  • Proximal humerus
19
Q

If amputation is to be done on a patient with osteosarcoma, the amputation is done on affected limb approx ____ above the extent of lesion

A

5-6 cm

20
Q

Retinoblastoma: What is the most common second malignancy?

A

Osteosarcoma

21
Q

What cancer uses radiation on the Mantle field and Inverted Y field?

A

Hodgkins

22
Q

Hodgkins: Where is the mantle field and what are the effects of radiation here?

A

Mandible to diaphragm

  • Dry mouth, loss of taste, swallowing discomfort
  • Dry peeling in treatment fields
  • Loss of hair at the back of neck and under the arms
  • Decreased WBC
  • Fatigue and N/V
23
Q

Hodgkins: Where is the Inverted Y Field and what are the effects of radiation here?

A

Diaphragm to the lower border of pelvis

  • Fatigue, N/V/D
  • Decreased WBC
  • Skin dryness and redness (mostly in groin area)
24
Q

Hodgkins: Inverted Y Field radiation–are there any areas that are shielded from this radiation?

A

Yes, the bladder, rectum, and some of the intestines are shielded

25
Q

CNS tumor–Why would tumors be classified as inoperable?

A
  • If tumor is deep in the brain and vital structures are between the tumor and the skull
  • If tumor is in vital structure
26
Q

What syndrome is associated with a risk for leukemia?

A

Down Syndrome

27
Q

What is leukemia?

A

Uncontrolled growth of WBC

28
Q

What cancer affects the adrenal gland?

A

Neuroblastoma

29
Q

The adrenal gland is often affected in neuroblastoma—consequently, what might serve as tumor markers in the urine?

A

Catecholamines

30
Q

What is one of the most common presenting signs of neuroblastoma?

A

Abdominal mass

31
Q

Leukemia:

What does bone aspiration do?
What does CBC do?
What does spinal tap do?
What does chest x-ray do?

A

Bone aspiration: Defines leukemia type
CBC: Which blood cell type is low
Spinal tap: Sees if spinal fluid contains leukemia cells
Chest x-ray: Rules out mediastinal mass

32
Q

Why do signs and symptoms of CNS tumors vary? What do they tell about tumor?

A

Vary because signs and symptoms are directly r/t location of tumor—S&S tell where the tumor is in the brain (or at least gives an idea)

33
Q

What cancer uses VAMP as a treatment? and what does that mean?

A

Hodgkins–Stage I or II

Vinblastine
Adriamycin
Methotrexate
Prednisone

34
Q

What cells are diagnostic of Hodgkins?

A

Reed-Sternburg

35
Q

Retinoblastoma: What is the most important factor in the prognosis for visual acuity?

A

Early diagnosis

36
Q

What cancer does the Tikhoff-Linberg procedure and what is it?

A

Osteosarcoma–An alternative procedure to amputation

Take out affected portion of bone and replace it with metal rod

37
Q

Osteosarcoma: Who is Tikhoff Linberg procedure done in?

A

Pts. with small lesions who have complete their growth—not children

38
Q

What are 2 clinical features of osteocsarcoma?

A

Pain and swelling at the site of the disease

39
Q

What is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in childhood and accounts for 5.8% of all childhood malignancies?

A

Rhabdomyosarcoma

40
Q

What cancer is this: neprhoblastoma or embryonal kidney?

A

Wilms Tumor

41
Q

What is the most common type of bone tumor in pediatrics?

A

Osteosarcoma

42
Q

What disease serves as a model for understanding heredity and genetics of childhood cancer?

A

Retinoblastoma —since the retinoblastoma gene is present in all body cells in inherited form but only tumor cells in non-inherited form

43
Q

What cancer gets VEPA treatment and what does that mean?

A

Hodgkin’s Disease-Stage I or II with unfavorable pathology or Stage III or Stage IV

Vinblastine
Etoposide (VP-16)
Prednisone
Adriamycin

44
Q

What are 3 types of leukemias? Which is hardest to treat? Which is the most common?

A
  1. Acute lymphocytic leukemia: most common
  2. Acute myelocytic leukemia: harder to treat
  3. Chronic myeloid leukemia

Pediatrics-MJ (61 decks)

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