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Pediatrics-MJ > T1-Infants > Flashcards

T1-Infants Flashcards

1
Q

What skills can an infant do at one month?

A

Demonstrate head lag

Has a grasp reflex

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2
Q

What skills can an infant do at 2 months?

A

Lift head off mattress when prone

Holds hands in an open position

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3
Q

What skills can an infant do at 3 months?

A

Raises head and shoulders off mattress when prone; only slight head lag
No longer has grasp reflex
Keeps hands loosely open

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4
Q

What skills can an infant do at 4 months?

A

Rolls from back to side

Places objects in mouth

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5
Q

What skills can an infant do at 5 months?

A

Rolls from front to back

Uses palmar grasp dominatly

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6
Q

What skills can an infant do at 6 months?

A

Rolls from back to front

Holds bottle

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7
Q

What skills can an infant do at 7 months?

A

Bears full weight on feet

Moves objects from hand to hand

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8
Q

What skills can an infant do at 8 months?

A

Sits unsupported

Begins using pincer grasp

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9
Q

what skills can an infant do at 9 months?

A

Pulls to standing position
Creeps on hands and knees instead of crawling
Has crude pincer grasp

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10
Q

What skills can an infant do at 10 months?

A

Changes from a prone to sitting position

Grasps rattle by its hands

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11
Q

What skills can an infant do at 11 months?

A

Walks while holding onto something (cruising)
Places objects into container
Neat pincer grasp

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12
Q

What skills can an infant do at 12 months?

A

Sits down from standing position without assistance

Tried to build a 2 block-tower without success

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13
Q

What is Erikson’s stage for this age group?

A

Trust vs. Mistrust

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14
Q

Is it normal for the tongue to be larger in proportion to the mouth in infants?

A

Yes, normal

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15
Q

What is the average length at birth for an infant?

A

20 inches

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16
Q

What do infants do in response to light and sound?

A

Blink

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17
Q

What age do infants usually roll over?

A

4 months

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18
Q

What age can infants sit without any support?

A

6 months

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19
Q

What age do infants start to walk?

A

~1 year

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20
Q

Birth weight doubles by ___ and triples by ___

A

Doubles by 6 months

Triples by 12 months

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21
Q

What is the greatest stress during early childhood?

A

Separation

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22
Q

What would an older infants reactions to separation be?

A

Screaming/crying
Searching for parents with eyes
Clinging to parents
Rejecting contact with strangers

*trust would need to be met here–having the needs consistently met!!

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23
Q

Why do infants use sucking?

A

To reduce tension

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24
Q

At what age do infants respond to new stimuli?

A

6 months

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25
Q

How do infants respond to situations?

A

By watching the parents smiles and tone of voice

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26
Q

What are some good examples of toys for infants?

A 
Mirrors
Colored toyes
Large balls
PAT A CAKE
MOBILE FOR CRIB (remove around 4-5 months though)
TEETHING TOYS
Blocks
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27
Q

For infants, there are a lot of toys to give them, but what are their primary objects of play?

A

Their body parts are the primary object of play and pleasure

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28
Q

What kind of play do infants exhibit?

A

Solitary

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29
Q

Is it ok to give an infant toys to play in a play pin?

A

Yes, it can be…but infants also need interpersonal contact and recreational and educational stimulation. Infants need to be PLAYED WITH, not merely be allowed to play

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30
Q

What is the most desirable complete diet for the infant during the first 6 months

A

Breast milk

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31
Q

If an infant is breast fed, when are supplements needed?

A

Iron is needed at 4-6 months because fetal iron stores are depleted

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32
Q

When should infants (breast and bottle fed) start on Vit. D?

A

The first few days of life to prevent rickets and vit. d deficiency

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33
Q

Is it okay to substitute breast milk or formula for cow’s milk?

A

No!

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34
Q

When is it okay to start whole cow’s milk?

A

1 year

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35
Q

Is it okay to thaw or rewarm formula or pumped breast milk in the microwave ?

A

No! It won’t heat evenly and can cause the mouth to burn

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36
Q

How do we warm frozen milk or rewarm it?

A

Place under lukewarm water bath, use a commercial breast milk warmer, or [to thaw] play n the refrigerator over night

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37
Q

What food should be avoided the first 12 months and why?

A

HONEY–risk for botulism

Dont coat the pacifier with honey either!!

38
Q

When should solid foods be introduced? Can we give them earlier than that?

A

4-6 months, no you shouldn’t because developmentally, the infant is not ready for it! PLUS it exposes infants to allergies earlier

39
Q

What is the first foods to be introduced?

A

Iron fortified cereals and rice

40
Q

Should we give fruit juices the first 6 months of life?

A

No

41
Q

What is the primary source of nutrition during the second 6 months of life?

A

Human milk or formula

42
Q

Why is iron fortified cereal generally introduced first?

A

Because of the high iron content and infant iron storages are depleted so they need iron

43
Q

What is usually suggested as an initial food after the iron cereal and why?

A

Rice; easy digestible and low allergic potential

44
Q

How should parents add new foods and why?

A

One at a time every 5-7 days

Don’t introduce more than one at a time, because if infant is allergic to one you won’t know which one

45
Q

What juices should be avoided to give to infants 6+?

A 
Apple
Pear
Prune
Sweet cherry
Peach 
Grape
46
Q

What is a good fruit juice for infants?

A

White grape

47
Q

How much fruit juice can an infant get a day?

A

4-6 oz in children 1-6 years
and do not give to infants less than 4-6 months
ONLY GIVE 100% FRUIT JUICE

48
Q

Why should fruit juice be offered in a cup and not a bottle?

A

To prevent dental caries

49
Q

What is the order for giving solid foods?

A

Strained fruits first
Vegetables seconds
Meats third

50
Q

What food can be given at 6 months?

A

Crackers

51
Q

What age can infants get finger foods?

A

7-9 months

52
Q

What age should we offer a cup?

A

10-12 months

53
Q

When can an infant get whole milk?

A

After 12 months

54
Q

Why may an infant need fluoride supplements?

A

If the infant is exclusively breast fed and is not getting enough from tap water

55
Q

When should spoon feeding be attempted?

A

After ingestion of SOME breast milk or formula so it can be associated with a pleasurable and satisfying experience! DO NOT try to spoon feed after an entire milk feeding because the infant isn’t going to want to try something new at that point

56
Q

Why should you try and introduce as many foods as you can during the first year?

A

This is when the infant is likely to eat them–toddler stage is next and toddlers are picky eaters!

57
Q

The relinquishing the breast or bottle for a cup

A

Weaning

58
Q

Is there a specific age for weaning?

A

No, usually between 6-12 months though

59
Q

What is the last milk feeding to go when finishing weaning?

A

The nighttime feeding

60
Q

Is it ok to let a child take a bottle to bed?

A

No, major cause of baby bottle carried in deciduous teeth

61
Q

What are the 4 big nutrition rules when feeding an infant?

A
  • Dont prop the bottle
  • Supplement fluoride at 2 months
  • Do not put food or cereal in the baby bottle
  • Introduce one new food every 4-7 days
62
Q

What screening test is done in newborns?

A

PKU

63
Q

What are signs and symptoms of having this protein auto recessive disorder? (7)

A
  • Musty odor in urine
  • Blond hair, blue eyes, fair skin
  • MR
  • Growth failure
  • Hyperactivity
  • Vomiting
  • Seizures
64
Q

What immunization is given at birth?

A

HEP B

65
Q

What immunizations are given at 2 months?

A 
HEB B
DTaP
RV
IPV
Hib
PCV
66
Q

What immunizations are given at 4 months?

A 
DTaP
RV
IPV
Hib
PCV
67
Q

What immunizations are given at 6 months?

A 
HEB B
DTaP
RV
IPV
Hib
PCV
68
Q

What immunizations are given at 6-12 months?

A

Flu

69
Q

What immunizations are given at 12-15 months?

A 
IPV
Hib
PCV
MMR*
Varicella*
70
Q

When does the infant double and triple in weight?

A

Double: 6 months
Triple: 12 months

71
Q

When do the anterior and posterior fontanels close?

A

Anterior: 12-18 months
Posterior: 6-8 weeks

72
Q

What is Freud’s stage of psychosocial development for infants?

A

Oral: mouth sucking and swallowing

73
Q

Freud: In the first stage of personality development the lipid is centered in a _____. It gets much satisfaction from putting all sorts of things in its mouth to satisfy the libido, and thus its __ demands. Which at this stage in life are oral, or mouth oriented, such as ____, ___, ____.

A

Baby’s mouth

Id

sucking, biting, and breastfeeding

74
Q

Freud said that oral stimulation could lead to an oral fixation in later life. What does this mean?

A

Oral personalities are all around us–smokers, nail biters, finger-chewers, and thumb suckers—oral personalities engage in these behaviors, especially when under stress

75
Q

What is Piaget’s stage of cognitive development in infancy?

A

Sensorimotor

76
Q

How do infants progress in the sensorimotor stage? What are the 3 big tasks of Piaget’s stage of cognitive development (sensorimotor)?

A

Reflexive–>simple repetitive–>imitative activities

  1. Separation
  2. Object permanence
  3. Mental representation
77
Q

The process by which infants know that an object still exists when it is out of view

A

Object permanence

78
Q

Excessive or erotic interest in oneself and one’s physical appearance

A

Narcissism

79
Q

What age do infants roll over?

A

4 months

80
Q

What age do infants sit alone?

A

8 months

81
Q

What age do infants walk?

A

11 months

82
Q

What age do infants gain head control?

A

4-6 months

83
Q

Why do infants drool? When does the first tooth begin to appear?

A

Teething makes infants drool; the first tooth erupts between 6-8 months

84
Q

When can the infant say several words and understand their meaning?

A

They can say THREE-FIVE words and comprehend “NO” by the age of ONE YEAR

85
Q

How can you stimulate the infant’s senses (4)?

A

Visual: bright, shiny objects; mirrors
Auditory: talking to infant; rattles; chimes
Tactile: hold, caress, cuddle; keep infant warm
Kinetic: Rock infant, place in cradle; use stroller for walks

86
Q

When does stranger and separation anxiety occur in the infant?

A

4-8 months

87
Q

How would a nurse best approach an infant and his parents to reduce stranger anxiety?

A

Talk softly; meet the child at eye level (to appear smaller); maintain a safe distance from the infant; avoid sudden, intrusive gestures –such as holding arms out and smiling broadly

88
Q

When should an infant receive solid foods?

A

4-6 months

89
Q

In what order should solid foods be introduced?

A

Veg or fruit: between 6-8 months
Citrus fruits, meats, and eggs-after 6 months
Table foods that are cooked, chopped, unseasoned by 9 months

90
Q

How should a parent introduce new foods?

A

One at a time, over a 4-7 day period to observe for signs of allergy or intolerance

91
Q

When should an infant begin weaning from the bottle?

A

When they show signs of readiness

92
Q

What are the leading causes of injury to infants? (3)

A 
Falls
Ingestion injuries (poison and medication) Burns

Pediatrics-MJ (61 decks)

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