T. Urine

Question 1

What are the primary functions of the Kidneys?

Answer 1

• filter waste products from blood stream
• extcrete metabolic waste
• maintain electorlyte levels
• maintain acid base balance

Question 2

What are the secondary regulator functions of the kidneys

Answer 2

• regulate bp
• regulare bone density and erypopoesis and produce erythopotein
• activate vitamin D
• procude/secrete renin

Question 3

Urinary tract infection

Answer 3

• Include cystitis, urethritis, pyelonephritis
• E.Coli is the most common pathogen
• Predisposing factors include tumours, stones, urinary retention, foreign bodies functional disorders and factors compromising immune response
• Most common bacterial infections in women

Question 4

cystitis

Answer 4

• Inflammation of the urinary bladder
• Characterized by pain, urgency, frequency, hematuria
• Interstitial cystitis

Question 5

urethritis

Answer 5

• Inflammation of the urethra

* Causes bacterial or viral infection

Question 6

pyelonephritis

Answer 6

Inflammation of the renal parenchyma and the collecting system usually caused by infection.

Question 7

Upper or lower urinary tract infection

Answer 7

upper = renal pelvis/gerdle,  ureters and kidneys
lower = involve the urethra and bladder

Question 8

Complicated or uncomplicated UTI

Answer 8

Complicated
(happens with catherters or diabetes) or
Male
Or Female who’sIs postmenopausal;
Is pregnant;
Has an anatomically or functionally abnormal urinary tract (for example, bladder outlet obstruction, a colovesical fistula, hydronephrosis, neurogenic bladder, stone disease, or vesicoureteral reflux);
Has a foreign body within her urinary tract (for example, a catheter or a stent); OR
Has one or more comorbidities or conditions requiring special consideration (for example, diabetes, immunodeficiency, renal insufficiency, or a prior organ transplant)

Uncomplicated
(normal UTI, and usually only involve the bladder.)
Is female;
Is healthy;
Is premenopausal;
Is not pregnant; AND
Has an anatomically and functionally normal urinary tract

Question 9

Upper/Lower UTI

Answer 9

Upper: kidneys/ureter
Lower: bladder/urthrea

Question 10

Acute Pyelonephritis

Answer 10

• Inflammation of the renal parenchyma
• Most common cause I bacterial infection, but fungi, protozoa or viruses can infect the kidney.
• treat with antibiotics

Question 11

Chronic Pyelonephritis

Answer 11

• a kidney that has become shrunken and has lost function owing to scarring or fibrosis.
• It usually occurs as the outcome of recurring infections involving the upper urinary tract
• Can lead to end stage renal disease of both kidneys are involved.
• In chronic pyelonephritis the kidneys become small, atrophic, and shrunken and lose function as a result of fibrosis (scarring).

Question 12

Urethra diverticula

Answer 12

The result of obstruction and subsequent rupture of the periurethral glands into the urethral lumen with epithelialization (regrowth of tissue) over the opening of the resulting periurethral cavity

a rare condition where an unwanted pocket or sac forms along the urethra, the tube that carries urine (pee) out of the body.

Question 13

Renal tuberculosis

Answer 13

• caseous lesions that may necrose and destroy functioning renal parenchyma
• it is usually secondary to TB of the lung.

Question 14

Glomerulonephritis

Answer 14

• An immune related inflammation of the glomeruli.

* Proteinuria, hematuria, decreased urine production and edema.

Question 15

Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis

Answer 15

• Occurs 5 – 21 days after an infection of the pharynx or skin by nephrotoxic strains of GrouP A B-hemolitic streptococci.
• n immunologic response of the kidney to infection, characterized by the sudden appearance of edema, hematuria, proteinuria and hypertension

Question 16

Goodpasture’s Syndrome

Answer 16

• autoimmune disease characterized by circulating antibodies against glomerular and alveolar basement membrane.
• your body mistakenly makes antibodies that attack the lungs and kidneys
• Primary target organ is the kidney, but the lungs are also involved

Question 17

Rapidy progressive glomerulonephritis

Answer 17

• Glomerular disease associated with rapid, progressive loss of renal function over days to weeks
• Renal failure may occur within weeks to months, in contrast to chronic glomerulonephritis, in which it develops insidiously and progresses over many years

Question 18

proteinuria

Answer 18

abnormal amounts of protein in urine

Question 19

hematuria

Answer 19

blod in urine

Question 20

Chronic glomerulonephritis

Answer 20

• A syndrome that reflects the end stage of glomerular inflammatory disease

Question 21

Nephrotic syndrome

Answer 21

• a kidney disorder that causes your body to pass too much protein in your urine.
• Nephrotic syndrome is usually caused by damage to the clusters of small blood vessels in your kidneys that filter waste and excess water from your blood
• Occurs when the glomerulus is excessively permeable to plasma protein - proteinuria – which leads to low plasma albumin and tissue edema

Question 22

Obstructive uropathies

Answer 22

Includes any anatomical or functional condition that blocks or impedes the flow of urine.
Congenital or acquired.

Question 23

Urinary tract calculi

Answer 23

• kidney stones

* Stones (calculi) are hard masses that form in the urinary tract and may cause pai

Question 24

Nephrolithiasis

Answer 24

Major categories of Stones
Calcium phosphate, calcium oxalate, uric acid, crystine struvite (magnesium-ammonium phosphate)
crystals precipitate to form stones which lodge within the urinary system

Question 25

Calculus

Answer 25

stone

Question 26

Lithiasis

Answer 26

sone formation.

Question 27

ithotripsy

Answer 27

a treatment, typically using ultrasound shock waves, by which a kidney stone or other calculus is broken into small particles that can be passed out by the body.

Question 28

Urethral stricture

Answer 28

a narrowing of one of the ureters caused by scarring or adhesions

Question 29

Nephrosclerosis

Answer 29

A vascular disease of the kidney characterized by sclerosis [hardening] of the small arteries and arterioles of the kidney, resulting in renal tissue destruction.

Question 30

Renal artery stenosis

Answer 30

* Partial occlusion of one or both renal arteries and their major branches * A major cause of abrupt-onset hypertension

Question 31

Renal vein thrombosis

Answer 31

An embolus occurring in the renal vein

Question 32

Polycystic kidney disease

Answer 32

an inherited disorder in which clusters of cysts develop primarily within your kidneys, causing your kidneys to enlarge and lose function over time

Question 33

Medullary cystic disease

Answer 33

* an inherited condition that causes the growth of blisters of fluid (cysts) in the kidney (mostley medulla) * The kidneys are asymmetrical and are significantly scarred, and there are defects in the concentration ability of the kidneys

Question 34

Alport’s syndrome | chronic hereditary nephritis

Answer 34

• a disease that damages the tiny blood vessels in your kidneys • Two forms (1) Classic Alport’s syndrome—inherited as a sex-linked (2) Nonclassic Alport’s syndrome—inherited as an autosomal trait

Question 35

Urinary Incontinence

Answer 35

* Uncontrolled Loss of urine * Stress incontinence, urge incontinence, overflow incontinence, reflex incontinence, incontinence after trauma of surgery, Functional incontinence

Question 36

Urinary retention

Answer 36

* Acute urinary retention is a medical emergency that requires prompt recognition and bladder drainage. * The nurse should insert a catheter (as prescribed) unless otherwise directed.

Question 37

Supra pubic catheter

Answer 37

a type of catheter that is left in place. Rather than being inserted through your urethra, the catheter is inserted through a hole in your abdomen and then directly into your bladder

Question 38

Ileal conduit

Answer 38

a system of urinary drainage which a surgeon creates using the small intestine after removing the bladder

Question 39

Renal colic

Answer 39

sharp, severe pain that results from the stretching, dilation, and spasm of the ureter in response to the obstructing stone.