T. Pancreas

Question 1

Acute Pancreatitis

Answer 1

• an acute inflammation of the pancreas
• an acute spillage of pancreatic enzymes into the surrounding pancreatic tissue; this causes autodigestion (the pancreases enzymes start to digest itself) and pain.
• range from mild edema to severe hemorrhagic necrosis
• Most common cause is gallbladder disease followed by alcohol use disorder.
• associated with hypertriglyceridemia
• can also be caused by trauma, viral infections, penetrating duodenal ulcer, cysts, abscesses, cystic fibrosis an some drugs, metabolic disorders and vascular disease.

Question 2

Chronic Pancreatitis

Answer 2

• Continuous, prolonged inflammatory and fibrosing process of the pancreas
• Pancreas tissue replaced with fibrotic tissues
• Strictures and calcifications may occur
• May follow acute pancreatitis
• obstructive or nonobstructive

Question 3

Obstructive Chronic Pancreatitis

Answer 3

a particular form of chronic pancreatitis that occurs as a consequence of a primary dominant stenosis or obstruction of the main pancreatic duct,

Associated with biliary disease
Inflammation of the sphincter of Oddi and associated with cholelithiasis.
Can be caused from Cancer of the ampulla of Vate, the duodenum or the pancreas.

Question 4

NonObstructive Chronic Pancreatitis

Answer 4

Inflammation with sclerosis
Mainly in the head of the pancreas and around the pancreatic duct.
Protein precipitates obstruct the ducts,
Fibrosis and glandular atrophy
Pseudocysts and abscesses
Common from alcohol

Question 5

Pancreatic Cancer

Answer 5

• poor prognosis
• Unknown cause but cigarette smoking is an environmental risk factor.
• can be asymptomatic until advanced.
• CA-10-9 a common cancer tumour marker that is often elevated with pancreatic cancer.

Question 6

Whipple’s procedure, or radical pancreaticoduodenectomy.

Answer 6

surgical procedure involves resection of the proximal pancreas, adjoining duodenum, distal portion of the stomach, and distal segment of the common bile duct, and the removal of the gallbladder. An anastomosis of the pancreatic duct, common bile duct, and stomach to the jejunum is created.

Question 7

Pancreatic pseudocyst:

Answer 7

a collection of necrotic debris, exudates, and pancreatic enzymes that collect in a pocket next to the pancreas. This is manifested by abdominal pain, a palpable epigastric mass, nausea, vomiting, and anorexia. The pseudocyst usually resolves on its own, but occasionally requires surgical drainage.

Question 8

Pancreatic abscess

Answer 8

an infected pseudocyst that may rupture or perforate into nearby organs. Signs of an abscess include abdominal pain, an abdominal mass, leukocytosis, and a high fever. Pancreatic abscesses require immediate surgical drainage to prevent sepsis.