T. Lower Gastrointestinal Problems Part II

Question 1

Polyps of the Large Intestine

Answer 1

• a small clump of cells that forms on the lining of the colon. Most colon polyps are harmless. But over time, some colon polyps can develop into colon cancer,
• Most common types are hyperplastic and adenomatous

Question 2

Sessile Polyps

Answer 2

flat and attach directly to instestional wall

Question 3

Pedunculated Polyps

Answer 3

attached to intestinile wall by a salk

Question 4

Familial adenomatous polyposis

Answer 4

• an inherited disorder characterized by cancer of the large intestine (colon ) and rectum. People with the classic type of familial adenomatous polyposis may begin to develop multiple noncancerous (benign) growths (polyps ) in the colon as early as their teenage years

Question 5

hyperplastic polyps

Answer 5

is a growth of extra cells that projects out from tissues inside your body

Question 6

adenomatous polyps

Answer 6

gland-like growths that develop on the mucous membrane that lines the large intestine

Question 7

Colorectal Cancer

Answer 7

• starts in the colon or the rectum (highest prevalence in rectum then sigmoid then ascending colon)
• Adenocarcinoma is the most common type of colorectal cancer.

Question 8

Ostomy

Answer 8

• The creation of an opening to allow passage of urine from the bladder or intestinal contents from the bowel to a stoma that has been created in the wall of the abdomen.
• With an intestinal ostomy the bowel is brought through an opening in the abdominal wall.

Question 9

Ileostomy

Answer 9

is when the ileum in brought through the abdominal wall.

Question 10

Colostomy

Answer 10

is when the colon is brought through the abdominal wall

Question 11

Diverticulum

Answer 11

• an outpouching of the mucosa through the circular smooth muscles of the intestinal wall.

Question 12

Diverticulosis

Answer 12

there are multiple non =inflamed diverticula present.

Question 13

Diverticulitis

Answer 13

inflammation of the diverticula

Question 14

Diverticular Disease

Answer 14

• Includes diverticulosis and diverticulitis.
• Most commonly found in the sigmoid colon but can occur anywhere in the GI tract.
• Diverticula cause the smooth muscle of the colon wall to thicken.
• Fecalith forms from retention of stool and bacteria (diverticulitis)

Question 15

Hernias

Answer 15

• Protrusion of a viscus through an abnormal opening or a weakened area in the wall of the cavity in which it is normally contained.
• If a hernia is unreducible and the intestinal flow and blood flow is obstructed it is considered strangulated – emergency surgery is required.

Question 16

Reducible Hernia

Answer 16

placed back into abdominal cavity

Question 17

Hemorrhoids

Answer 17

• when the veins or blood vessels in and around your anus and lower rectum become swollen and irritated.
• Caused by congestion in the veins of the hemorrhoidal plexus.

Question 18

Anal Fissure

Answer 18

• A skin ulcer or a crack in the lining of the anal wall that is caused by trauma, local infection, or inflammation
• Primary: occurs as a result of local trauma associated with defecation or intercourse
• Secondary: caused by a variety of conditions, including IBD, prior anal surgery, infection (syphilis, tuberculosis, chlamydia, gonorrhea, herpes simplex virus), and HIV infection

Question 19

Anorectal Abscess

Answer 19

• Undrained collections of perianal pus from obstruction of anal glands leading to infections and abscess formation.
• Can be secondary to anal fissures, trauma or IBD
• Require surgery to drain and kept open to heal by secondary intention (from inside out)
• Antibiotics and sitz bath

Question 20

Anal Fistula

Answer 20

• An abnormal tunnel leading out from the anus or the rectum
• May extend to the outside of the skin, the vagina, or the buttocks
• often precedes an anorectal abscess.
• symptom of chron’s

Question 21

Anal Cancer

Answer 21

• Uncommon

* Human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with about 80% of the cases of anal cancer

Question 22

Pilonidal Sinus

Answer 22

• A small tract under the skin between the buttocks in the sacrococcygeal area
• It is thought to be of congenital origin.
• It may have several openings and is lined with epithelium and hair.
• No symptoms unless infected
• Requires incision and drainage
• Can reoccur