T. Liver

Question 1

Jaundice

Answer 1

a condition in which the skin, whites of the eyes and mucous membranes turn yellow because of a high level of bilirubin, a yellow-orange bile pigment.

Question 2

Prehepatic jaundice

Answer 2

increase of load of bilirubin before it arrives at liver (overproduction of uncongugated bilirubin)

Question 3

Hepatic jaundice

Answer 3

results in livers sbility to make up bilirubin from blood or to excrete it in the bile, hepatocytes are deamaged and leak bilirubin

Hepatic jaundice happens when your liver tissue is scarred (known as cirrhosis), damaged, or dysfunctional. This makes it less effective at filtering out bilirubin from your blood.

Question 4

Posthepatic (cholestatic) jaundice

Answer 4

failure of bile to get to duodenum normally due to obstruction of bile flow (swelling of vile duct, or stone or cancer)

Question 5

conjugated bilirubin

Answer 5

in the liver, bilirubin is changed into a form that your body can get rid of.
• warter soluble and excreted into bile

Question 6

unconjugated bilirubin

Answer 6

a waste product of hemoglobin breakdown that is taken up by the liver

Question 7

Hepatitis

Answer 7

• Inflammation of the Liver
• 5 viral types of hepatitis
• The only definitive way to distinguish among the various forms of viral hepatitis is by the presence of viral antigens and the subsequent development of antibodies to them
• Liver cells can regenerate over time and, if no complications occur, can resume their normal appearance and function

Question 8

Hepatitis A

Answer 8

• RNA virus
• Transmitted fecal-oral route, parenteral (rarely)
• Frequently occurs in small outbreaks
• Provides lifelong immunity
• Detection of IgM anti-HAV indicates acute hepatitis.

Question 9

Hepatitis B

Answer 9

• DNA Virus
• Transmission occurs when infected blood or other body fluids enter the body of a person who is not immune to the virus.
• Can live on a dry surface for 7 days
• Complex structure with three antigens
-- Surface antigen (HBsAg)
-- Core antigen (HBcAg)
-- E antigen (HBeAg)

Question 10

Hepatitis C

Answer 10

• RNA virus
• Transmitted percutaneously
• Sharing contaminated needles/equiptment

Question 11

Hepatitis D

Answer 11

• Defective single-stranded RNA virus
• Also called delta virus
• Cannot survive on its own
• Requires the helper function of HBV to replicate
• Transmitted percutaneously, rarely through sex
• HBV-HDV co-infection
• Increase risk of fulminant hepatitis

Question 12

fulminant hepatitis

Answer 12

• Results in severe impairment or necrosis of liver cells and potential liver failure
• If leads to liver failure only treatment is liver transplant

when your liver begins to fail very quickly within days or weeks,

Question 13

Hepatitis E

Answer 13

• RNA virus
• Transmitted fecal-oral route
• Most common mode of transmission is drinking contaminated water
• Occurs primarily in developing countries

Question 14

icteric or anicteric

Answer 14

icteric (symptomatic) or anicteric

Question 15

Arthralgias

Answer 15

aching or pain in one or more of the joints in the body.

Question 16

Hepatomegaly

Answer 16

enlarged liver

Question 17

lymphadenopathy

Answer 17

swollen lymph

Question 18

splenomegaly

Answer 18

enlarged spleen

Question 19

Glomerulonephritis

Answer 19

of kidney disease in which there is inflammation of the glomeruli,

Question 20

Cryoglobulinemia

Answer 20

Abnormal proteins in blood

Question 21

angioedema.

Answer 21

the swelling of the deeper layers of the skin, caused by a build-up of fluid

Question 22

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)

Answer 22

An umbrella term for a range of liver conditions that affect people who drink little to no alcohol
There is to much fat stored in the liver.

Question 23

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)

Answer 23

Severe liver disease with inflammation and can lead to scarring (cirrhosis)

liver inflammation and damage caused by a buildup of fat in the liver. It is part of a group of conditions called nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Question 24

Alcohol and Drug-Induced Hepatitis

Answer 24

• Acute alcoholic hepatitis is a syndrome of enlarged liver (hepatomegaly), jaundice, elevation in liver enzyme tests (AST, ALT, alkaline phosphate), low-grade fever, and possibly ascites and prolonged prothrombin time.
• Drug-induced liver injury (most common: acetaminophen)

Question 25

Autoimmune hepatitis

Answer 25

• Chronic inflammatory disorder
• Immune system attacks its own liver cells

liver inflammation that occurs when your body’s immune system turns against liver cells.

Question 26

Wilson’s disease

Answer 26

• Autosomal recessive gene disorder of copper metabolism
• Increased copper storage
• Hallmark is corneal Kayser-Fleisher rings

Question 27

Hereditary hemochromatosis

Answer 27

Genetic disorder causing an increase and inappropriate iron absorption

Question 28

Primary biliary cirrhosis

Answer 28

• Chronic and slowly progressive inflammatory disease
• T cell mediated attack on the small bile duct epithelial cells

a disease that harms the liver’s ability to function. It is chronic, which means it lasts for a long time or regularly comes back. In people with PBC, the bile ducts become injured, then inflamed, and eventually permanently damaged

Question 29

Acute Liver Failure

Answer 29

Broad term that encompasses fulminant hepatic failure which describes development of encephalopathy within 8 weeks of the onset of the illness

“Encephalopathy” means damage or disease that affects the brain.

Question 30

Primary Liver Cancer

Answer 30

Primary liver cancer originates in the liver. P

Question 31

Metastatic Liver Cancer

Answer 31

Metastasized liver cancer begins somewhere else in the body and spreads to the liver.