T. Cirrhosis

Question 1

Cirrhosis

Answer 1

• the end stage of liver disease
• a late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by many forms of liver diseases
• Eventually, irregular and disorganized regeneration, poor cellular nutrition, and hypoxia caused by inadequate blood flow and scar tissue result in decreased functioning of the liver.

Question 2

Biliary cirrhosis

Answer 2

• Associated with chronic biliary obstruction
• Diffuse fibrosis of liver with jaundice
• chronic disease in which the bile ducts in your liver are slowly destroyed

Question 3

Cardiac cirrhosis

Answer 3

From longstanding severe right-sided heart failure

Question 4

Compensated cirrhosis

Answer 4

Compensated cirrhosis is the asymptomatic stage

Question 5

Decompensated cirrhosis

Answer 5

an acute deterioration in liver function in a patient with cirrhosis and is characterised by jaundice, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, hepatorenal syndrome or variceal haemorrhage.

Question 6

Advanced cirrhosis

Answer 6

• Jaundice
• Peripheral edema
• Ascites
• Thrombo-cytopenia, leukopenia, and anemia.
• Coagulation problems
• Can’t make hormones (estorgen/testosterone/aldosterone)
• deficiencies of thiamine, folic acid, and cobalamin

Question 7

Portal hypertension

Answer 7

Increased venous pressure in portal circulation

Question 8

Esophageal varices

Answer 8

• Complex of tortuous veins at lower end of esophagus
• Develop in areas where collateral and systemic circulations communicate
• Contain little elastic tissue and are fragile

Question 9

gastric varices

Answer 9

• Located in upper portion of stomach

* Complex of tortuous veins

Question 10

Caput medusae

Answer 10

Ring of varices around the umbilicus

Question 11

Ascites

Answer 11

• Accumulation of serous fluid in peritoneal or abdominal cavity
• Abdominal distension with weight gain
• Common manifestation of cirrhosis

Question 12

Peripheral edema

Answer 12

• Decreased Colloidal oncotic pressure from impaired liver synthesis of albumin
• Increased portacaval pressure from portal hypertension
• Occurs as ankle/presacral edema

Question 13

Hepatic encephalopathy

Answer 13

• Disorder of protein metabolism and excretion
• Liver unable to convert ammonia to urea, or blood shunted past liver through, so ammonia stays in systemic circulation
• Ammonia crosses blood–brain barrier and causes neurological toxic manifestations
• a nervous system disorder brought on by severe liver disease. When the liver doesn’t work properly, toxins build up in the blood. These toxins can travel to the brain and affect brain function.

Question 14

Asterixis

Answer 14

• Flapping tremors involving arms and hands

* symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy

Question 15

Fetor hepaticus

Answer 15

• Musty, sweet odour on client’s breath
• Accumulation of digestive by-products that liver is unable to degrade
• symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy

Question 16

Balloon tamponade

Answer 16

• Controls hemorrhage by compression of varices

* Treats varices

Question 17

Endoscopic ligation

Answer 17

• Banding of varices
• Treats varices
• procedure that uses elastic bands to treat enlarged veins, or varices, in your esophagus

Question 18

Endoscopic sclerotherapy

Answer 18

• Injection of a sclerosing agent into the varices, thrombosing and obliterating the distended veins
• Treats varices

Question 19

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS)

Answer 19

• Tract (shunt) between systemic and portal venous system
• Used to redirect portal blood flow
• Decreases portal venous pressure and decompresses varices

Question 20

Hepatorenal Syndrome

Answer 20

Hepatorenal syndrome is a type of renal failure characterized by azotemia, oliguria, and intractable ascites.

Question 21

Rifaximin

Answer 21

an antibiotic medication used to treat travelers’ diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, and hepatic encephalopathy