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Principles of Zoology > Systematics and Phylogenies > Flashcards

Systematics and Phylogenies Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we need a comprehensive classification system?

A

there are a lot of species out there. This helps us organize and helps us better understand evolutionary relationships

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2
Q

What is systematics?

A

study of evolutionary relationships

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3
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

an organism’s evolutionary history and its relationships

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4
Q

What is a phylogenetic tree?

A

visual depiction of phylogeny, which is used as a hypothesis to understand relationships

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5
Q

Who has the first idea of phylogeny?

A

Darwin

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6
Q

What are the two types of phylogenetic trees?

A

rooted and unrooted

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7
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Bacteria, Archea, and Eukarya

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8
Q

What is the root of a phylogenetic tree?

A

ancestral lineage giving rise to all organisms on the tree

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9
Q

What is the branch point of a phylogenetic tree?

A

where two lineages diverged

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10
Q

What is the basal taxon of a phylogenetic tree?

A

lineage that evolved early and remains unbranched

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11
Q

What is the sister taxon of a phylogenetic tree?

A

two lineages stem from the same branch point

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12
Q

What is the polytomy of a phylogenetic tree?

A

a branch with more than two lineages

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13
Q

What is another name for phylogeny?

A

cladogram

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14
Q

What is taxon?

A

a named taxonomic unit at any given level of classification

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15
Q

What do phylogenies depict?

A

evolutionary relationships

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16
Q

What are the types of taxonomy? (??)

A

levels of classification, binomial nomenclature, taxon (taxa plural form)

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17
Q

What are the levels of classification in order?

A

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species, subspecies

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18
Q

What is binomial nomenclature?

A

/Genus species/

19
Q

What are derived characteristics?

A

a similarity that is inherited from the most recent common ancestor of an entire group

20
Q

What are ancestral (traits)?

A

a similarity that arose prior to the common ancestor of the group

21
Q

What is the only thing considered informative about evolutionary relationships?

A

derived characteristics

22
Q

What characteristics can cladistics use?

A

any aspect of the phenotype (morphology, behavior, DNA, physiology)

23
Q

What is the most reliable characteristic used for cladistics?

A

DNA

24
Q

How should the characters exist in cladistics?

A

recognizable character states

25
Q

What does amniote mean?

A

terrestrial

26
Q

What is an ancestral characteristic?

A

is older in terms of when it emerged in that particular lineage

27
Q

What is a derived characteristic?

A

is more recent in terms of when it emerged in that particular lineage

28
Q

In terms of all animals, what kind of characteristic is hair?

A

derived

29
Q

In terms of all animals, what kind of characteristic are lungs?

A

ancestral

30
Q

What is a cordat(a)?

A

they have a nerve cord and a hard rod

31
Q

In terms of all animals, what kind of characteristic is teeth?

A

ancestral

32
Q

In terms of all animals, what kind of characteristic is absence of teeth?

A

derived

33
Q

What is a clade?

A

a species or group of species that share a common ancestor as indicated by the possession of shared derived characters; a common ancestor and all descendants

34
Q

What do all organisms within a clade stem from?

A

a single point

35
Q

What is a monophyletic group?

A

synonymous with a clade, an ancestral species and all its descendents

36
Q

What is a paraphyletic group?

A

consists of ancestral species and some (not all) of its descendants

37
Q

What can you use to define a paraphyletic group?

A

things like whether they are extinct, have wings, etc

38
Q

What is a polyphyletic group?

A

consists of a grouping of species but does not include the most recent common ancestor; species within this group may not be very closely related

39
Q

What is an outgroup?

A

species (or group) from an evolutionary line that is closely related to but not part of the group of interest

40
Q

What is the principle of parsimony?

A

“Occam’s razor,” shaving away unnecessary complications

41
Q

The most parsimonious tree ________.

A

requires the fewest evolutionary events

42
Q

What are shared ancestral characters?

A

one found in the ancestor of a group because all members of the taxon/clade have it

43
Q

What are shared derived characters?

A

trait possessed by some members (or a certain clade) of the lineage, but not all.

Principles of Zoology (20 decks)

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