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Principles of Zoology > Evolution of Populations > Flashcards

Evolution of Populations Flashcards

1
Q

What is a genotype?

A

set of genetics; which chromosome are there

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2
Q

What is phenotype?

A

physical apperance

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3
Q

What does homozygous mean?

A

same alleles (?); AA or aa

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4
Q

What does heterozygous mean?

A

different alleles (?); Aa

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5
Q

What is the Hardy-Weinberg Prinicple?

A

the original proportions of the genotypes in a population will remain constant from generation to generation as long as 5 assumptions are met (no evolution is occurring)

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6
Q

What 5 assumptions must be met for the Hardy-Weinberg Principle?

A

no mutation, no gene flow, random mating, large population size, no natural selection

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7
Q

What does gene flow mean?

A

flow of genetics between 2 different populations; individual gametes move from one population to another

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8
Q

What does random mating mean?

A

random, no choice

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9
Q

What is large population size important for hardy-weinberg principle?

A

if small population, inbreeding could occur

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10
Q

What are populations that meet the 5 assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg Principle said to be in?

A

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

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11
Q

How are alleles and genotypes affected if populations are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

A

no change

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12
Q

What evolutionary agents are operating in a population if it is not in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?

A
  • natural selection
  • non-random mating
  • gene flow
  • mutations
  • small population size
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13
Q

Are mutations a strong evolutionary driver?

A

no, but they are the ultimate source of variation; individual mutations occur so rarely that mutation alone usually doesn’t change allele frequency much

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14
Q

Does gene flow occur because of seasonal migration? Why or why not?

A

no because the entire population moves and seasonal migration occurs outside of the breeding season

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15
Q

What is non-random mating?

A

mating with specific genotypes

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16
Q

What are the two types of non-random mating based on phenotype?

A

assortative and diassortative

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17
Q

What is assortative mating?

A

mating between phenotypically similar individuals

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18
Q

Does assortative mating increase homozygous individuals or heterozygous?

A

homozygous

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19
Q

What are two types of assortative mating?

A

inbreeding and self-fertilization

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20
Q

What is disassortative mating?

A

mating between phenotypically different individuals

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21
Q

Does disassortative mating increase homozygous individuals or heterozygous?

A

heterozygous

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22
Q

What is the strongest evolutionary driver?

A

natural selection

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23
Q

What is naturals selection?

A

environmental conditions determine which individuals in a population produce the most offspring

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24
Q

What 3 conditions must be met for natural selection to occur?

A
  • variation must exist among individuals
  • variation must result in differential survival of offspring
  • variation must be genetically inherited
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25
Q

Is natural selection evolution?

A

no, it is a process by which change (evolution) MAY occur through time

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26
Q

Does natural selection always have an evolutionary result?

A

no

27
Q

What is artificial selection?

A

a breeder/humans selects for desired characteristics

28
Q

Does the environment affect artificial selection?

A

no

29
Q

Does artificial selection affect entire species or just populations?

A

within own population, not necessarily entire species

30
Q

What is the problem with small populations?

A

genetic drift

31
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

the effect of chance on a population’s gene pool; frequencies of particular alleles may change by chance alone

32
Q

Is genetic drift predictable?

A

no it is random

33
Q

What are the two types of genetic drift?

A

founder effect and bottleneck effect

34
Q

What is the founder effect?

A
  • few individuals form a new population (small allelic pool)
  • it is random which genotypes and phenotypes makes up the founding population
  • isolated from where the population came from
35
Q

What is the bottleneck effect?

A
  • drastic reduction in population, and gene pool size

- by random chance there can be less variation

36
Q

What are the causes of the bottleneck effect?

A

catastrophe, disease, over hunting

37
Q

What value is most fit given?

A

1

38
Q

What is fitness?

A

a phenotype with greater fitness usually increases in frequency

39
Q

What does it mean if an individual is fit?

A

they survive longer and reproduce more

40
Q

What is fitness a combination of?

A

survival, mating success, and number of offspring per mating that survive

41
Q

What is survival?

A

how long does an organism live

42
Q

What is mating success?

A

how often it mates

43
Q

What are the three types of selection acting on traits affected by multiple genes?

A

directional, stabilizing, and disruptive (diversifying)

44
Q

What is directional selection?

A

acts to eliminate one extreme from an array of phenotypes

45
Q

What is stabilizing selection?

A

acts to eliminate both extremes; eliminates smaller and large ones and curve gets smaller

46
Q

What is disruptive (diversifying) selection?

A

selection acts to eliminate intermediate types; selects for the extremes

47
Q

What is oscillating selection?

A

one phenotype is favored at one time and another phenotype is favored at another

48
Q

How does natural selection affect variation?

A

it can decrease it but it can also maintain it

49
Q

What is frequency dependent selection?

A

favors phenotypes that are either common (positive f.d. selection) or rare (negative f.d. selection)

50
Q

Does positive f.d. selection increase or decrease genetic variation?

A

decrease

51
Q

Does negative f.d. selection increase or decrease genetic variation?

A

increase

52
Q

What is a type of sexual selection?

A

sexual dimorphism

53
Q

What is sexual dimorphism?

A

high degree of differences in outward appearance of females and males

54
Q

Why do females tend to have a better investment in producing offspring?

A

females produce the offspring and often are the ones who take care of them, they have to make sure the offspring get enough nutrients

55
Q

How do females evaluate males?

A

evaluate male secondary sexual characteristics to choose which potential mate has “better” genes

56
Q

What is the handicap principle?

A

only the fittest individuals can afford costly traits (peacocks with larger tails attract females better but it is harder for them to survive with it, so the ones that do are fit)

57
Q

What is the good genes hypothesis?

A

argues that individuals develop impressive ornaments to show off their efficient metabolism or ability to fight disease

58
Q

Can more than one evolutionary agent be present in a population?

A

yes

59
Q

What are the results of multiple evolutionary agents interacting in a population?

A

we can get speciation, but it is not a guarantee. The sum of the interactions determine whether evolution will occur

60
Q

Does evolution have a purpose?

A

no, it doesn’t change populations into a preconceived ideal

61
Q

What is evolution the sum of?

A

various forces and how they influence the population’s genetic and phenotypic variance

62
Q

What is the only thing that is adaptive and results in a more fit population?

A

natural selection

63
Q

What can actually decrease a population’s fitness?

A

gene flow and genetic drift

Principles of Zoology (20 decks)

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