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Principles of Zoology > Deuterostomes Part 2 (Phylum Chordata) > Flashcards

Deuterostomes Part 2 (Phylum Chordata) Flashcards

1
Q

What symmetry do Chordates have?

A

bilateral

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2
Q

What body cavity do Chordates have?

A

true coelomates

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3
Q

What are the nearest relatives to Chordates?

A

Echinoderms

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4
Q

What characteristics do all Chordates have at some point in their life?

A

Nerve cord, notocord, pharyngeal slits, and postnatal tail

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5
Q

What is the nerve cord?

A

where neurons are located, transmits info from sensory organs to brain and other organs

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6
Q

What is the notochord?

A

rigid rod like structure that gives support, protects nerve cord (notochord located under the spine)

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7
Q

What are pharyngeal slits?

A

openings in the pharynx that extend to the outside environment, slits that could develop into gills for aquatic vertebrae animals

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8
Q

What are the subphylum of Chordates?

A

Urochordata, Cephalochordata, and Vertebrata

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9
Q

Which of the subphylum of Chordates are nonvertebrates?

A

Urochordata and Cephalochordata

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10
Q

What are the animals of Urochordata?

A

Tunicates

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11
Q

What are tunicates?

A

sea squirts

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12
Q

What do tunicates look like as larvae?

A

tadpole-like free-swimmers

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13
Q

What do tunicates look like as adults?

A

immobile filter-feeders

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14
Q

What do tunicate larvae eat?

A

do not feed

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15
Q

What happens when tunicates become adults?

A

lose their tail and notochord

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16
Q

What do adult tunicates secrete?

A

a tunic

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17
Q

What is a tunic made of?

A

a cellulose sac

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18
Q

What is the purpose of a tunic?

A

envelope that wraps around the Tunicate like a cloak

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19
Q

When do Tunicates have bilateral symmetry?

A

as larvae, as adults they have no symmetry

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20
Q

What circulatory system do Tunicates have?

A

closed

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21
Q

What animals are Cephalochordata?

A

Lancelets

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22
Q

When do Lancelets have notochord?

A

throughout their life

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23
Q

Do Lancelets have a distinguishable head?

A

no

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24
Q

How do Lancelets eat?

A

filter feeders

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25
Q

What is the closest relative to vertebrates?

A

Cephalochordata

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26
Q

Do Cephalochordata have eyes?

A

no but they have eye spots

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27
Q

What are Vertebrates?

A

chordates with a spinal column

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28
Q

How are Vertebrates distinguished from Non-vertebrates?

A

vertebral column and cranium

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29
Q

What is a vertebral column?

A

encloses and protects the dorsal nerve cord

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30
Q

What is the cranium?

A

a hard structure that encloses the brain

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31
Q

What is the cranium?

A

a hard structure that encloses the brain

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32
Q

What are skeletons of Vertebrates made of?

A

bone or cartilage

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33
Q

Why do vertebrates need a cranium?

A

as organisms get more complex in volume of brain, they need something to protect it

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34
Q

What is the largest group of Chordates?

A

Vertebrata

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35
Q

What does Gnathostomes mean?

A

have true jaws

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36
Q

What is the importance of the presence of jaws?

A

allows vertebrates to be larger and more powerful as it makes them more efficient feeders

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37
Q

What are the classes of Vertebrata?

A
  • Agnatha
  • Chondrichthyes
  • Osteichthyes
  • Amphibia
  • Reptilia
  • Aves
  • Mammalia
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38
Q

What class of Vertebrata is not a Gnathostome?

A

Agnatha

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39
Q

What animals are Agnatha?

A

jawless fishes

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40
Q

What animals are Chondrichthyes?

A

cartilaginous fishes

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41
Q

What animals are Osteichthyes?

A

bony fishes

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42
Q

What animals are Amphibia?

A

amphibians

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43
Q

What animals are Reptilia?

A

reptiles

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44
Q

What animals are Aves?

A

birds

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45
Q

What animals are Mammalia?

A

mammals

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46
Q

What is the most diverse vertebrae group?

A

fishes

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47
Q

What characteristics do fishes have?

A
  • vertebral column (except agnathans)
  • jaws and paired appendages (except agnathans)
  • internal gills
  • single-loop blood circulation
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48
Q

What are paired appendages?

A

fins

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49
Q

What do paired appendages allow for?

A

sophisticated movement

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50
Q

What is a single-loop blood circulation?

A

closed circulatory system with a chambered heart

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51
Q

What does the chambered heart do?

A

responsible for pumping blood so gills can take in oxygen and bring to tissues

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52
Q

What are specific examples of animals that are Agnathans?

A

Hagfishes and Lamprey

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53
Q

What are hagfishes?

A

eel-like scavengers

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54
Q

What kind of skeleton do hagfishes have?

A

cartilage

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55
Q

Do hagfish have a notochord?

A

yes

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56
Q

Do hagfish have a vertebral column?

A

no

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57
Q

What are lamprey?

A

eel-like predators

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58
Q

Do lamprey have vertebrae?

A

some vertebral elements

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59
Q

Do lamprey have paired appendages?

A

no

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60
Q

What are specific examples of Chondrichthyes?

A

sharks, skates, and Rays

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61
Q

What is the endoskeleton of Chondrichthyes like?

A

entirely made of cartilage

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62
Q

How heavy are Chondrichthyes?

A

lighter body than boney fishes, buoyancy

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63
Q

Are Chondrichthyes flexible?

A

yes

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64
Q

What are shark’s sensory systems like?

A

well defined, can detect impulses from bodies of prey - electro magnitism

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65
Q

What do sharks have in their eyes?

A

tapetum lucidum

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66
Q

What is tapetum lucidum?

A

a reflective surface that allows them to see well in the dark

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67
Q

How do sharks give birth?

/

A

Vivaparous: live birth, some lay eggs

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68
Q

What skeleton do bony fishes have?

A

internal skeleton made completely of bone

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69
Q

What is the most species rich group of all vertebrates?

A

bony fishes

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70
Q

What are the 2 clades of Osteichythes?

A

ray-finned fishes and lobe-finned fishes

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71
Q

What do ray-finned fishes body structure?

A
  • parallel bony rays that support and stiffen each fin

- no muscles within the fins, just at base

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72
Q

What evolved from lobe-finned fishes?

A

tetrapods

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73
Q

What is the body structure of lobe-finned fishes?

A
  • paired fins that consist of a long fleshy muscular lobe

- supported by central co-jointed bones

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74
Q

What are the ancestors of amphibians?

A

lobe-finned fishes

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75
Q

What features do Osteichythes have?

A
  • swim bladder

- gill cover

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76
Q

What is a swim bladder?

A

a gas-filled sac that allows bony fishes to regulate their buoyant density

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77
Q

What are gill covers also called?

A

operculum

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78
Q

What do gill covers do?

A

permit water pumping over gills

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79
Q

What does the name tetrapod mean?

A

4 foot

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80
Q

What are tetrapods?

A

adapted to terrestrial life

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81
Q

What appendages do tetrapods have?

A

bony appendages

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82
Q

Do tetrapods have lungs?

A

lungs in most

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83
Q

If a tetrapod doesn’t have lungs what does it do?

A

cutaneous respiration

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84
Q

What is cutaneous respiration?

A

breathe through skin on land/absorb oxygen by diffusion and must be in a moist environment

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85
Q

What is the purpose of the anatomy and physiology of tetrapods?

A

conserve water and support terrestrial movement

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86
Q

How do tetrapods have young?

A
  • shelled eggs in some

- internal development of young in some

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87
Q

What makes up tetrapods?

A
  • Amphibia
  • Reptilia
  • Aves
  • Mammalia
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88
Q

What are amphibians?

A

damp skinned vertebrates

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89
Q

What was the first vertebrates to walk on land?

A

amphibians

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90
Q

Where must amphibians reproduce?

A

in water

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91
Q

What are amphibians tied to?

A

an aquatic lifestyle

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92
Q

How are amphibians similar to fishes?

A

they are anamniotes

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93
Q

What are anamniotes?

A

lack an amnion

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94
Q

What are amnions?

A

specialized embryonic membranes that are found in terrestrial vertebrates

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95
Q

What are the 3 types of modern amphibians?

A
  • frogs and toads
  • salamanders and newts
  • caecilians
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96
Q

What order are frogs and toads?

A

Anura

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97
Q

What does the body of a frog look like?

A

smooth, moist skin and long legs

98
Q

Where do frogs live?

A

in or near water, are out at night

99
Q

What does the body of a toad look like?

A

bumpy, dry skin and short legs

100
Q

Where do toads live?

A

dry environments, are out at night when moist or raining

101
Q

How are Anura eggs fertilized?

A

externally

102
Q

How do Anura eggs hatch?

A

into swimming tadpole larvae

103
Q

What happens to tadpoles?

A

they undergo metamorphosis to turn into adults

104
Q

How do frogs move?

A

jump

105
Q

How do toads move?

A

hop

106
Q

Do tadpoles have lungs?

A

they have gills that develop into lungs

107
Q

Are frogs high or low to ground?

A

higher up because have sticky pads that increase surface area (?)

108
Q

Are toads high or low to ground?

A

low to ground

109
Q

What order are salamanders?

A

Caudata

110
Q

What kind of body do salamanders have?

A

long bodies, tails and smooth, moist skin

111
Q

Where do salamanders live?

A

moist places

112
Q

How are Caudata eggs fertilized?

A

internally

113
Q

What are Caudata larvae like?

A

similar to adults

114
Q

What order are caecilians?

A

Apoda

115
Q

What are caecilians?

A

tropical, burrowing amphibians

116
Q

What does caecilians body like?

A

legless with small eyes and jaws with teeth

117
Q

What is fertilizaiton like for Caudata?

A

internal

118
Q

How do frogs breathe?

A

push air into lungs by using a pressure pump type of breathing

119
Q

How do reptiles breathe?

A

use thoracic, expand volume in coelomic part of thorax

120
Q

What are three key features of Reptilians?

A
  • Amniotic Eggs
  • Dry Skin
  • Thoracic Breathing
121
Q

What are amniotic eggs like?

A

watertight, allows diffusion of oxygen across shell prevents loss of water

122
Q

What is the purpose of dry skin?

A

prevents water loss

123
Q

What is the purpose of thoracic breathing?

A

increase lung capacity

124
Q

What does the amniotic egg have?

A

4 membranes

125
Q

What are amniotes?

A

reptiles, birds, and mammals

126
Q

What are the 4 membranes of amniotic egg?

A
  • chorion
  • amnion
  • yolk sac
  • allantois
127
Q

What is the function of chorion?

A

allows O2 entry

128
Q

What is the function of amnion?

A

fluid-filled cavity

129
Q

What is the function of yolk sac?

A

provides food, contains nourishments provided by the mother

130
Q

What is the function of allantois?

A

excretes waste

131
Q

How does amniotic egg embryo get oxygen?

A

oxygen diffuses into blood vessels and goes directly into embryo, before blood vessels develop chorion moves oxygen into amnion for diffusion

132
Q

What are two important characteristics of reptiles?

A
  • internal fertilization

- improved circulation

133
Q

What is internal fertilization?

A

sperm fertilizes egg before protective membranes are formed as a way to ensure better chance of fertilization

134
Q

What is improved circulation?

A

oxygen is provided to the body more efficiently

135
Q

What type of circulatory system do reptiles have?

A

double loop

136
Q

What is a double loop circulatory system?

A

one takes blood from heart and send to lungs and back to the heart, the other send to the rest of the body

137
Q

Are reptiles endothermic or ectothermic?

A

ectothermic

138
Q

What does ectothermic mean?

A

obtain heat from external sources; body is same temp as external environment

139
Q

What is the temperature (food?) of reptiles tied to?

A

metabolism; lower metabolism means lower food requirement

140
Q

What are the 4 Reptilia clades?

A
  • Testudines
  • Splenodontia
  • Squamata
  • Crocodilia
141
Q

What animals are Testudines?

A

turtles and tortoises

142
Q

What animals are Splenodontia?

A

tuataras

143
Q

What animals are Squamata?

A

lizards and snakes

144
Q

What animals are Crocodilia?

A

crocodiles, alligators, caimans, and gharials

145
Q

Are amphibians endothermic or ectothermic?

A

ectothermic

146
Q

What do reptiles do to increase metabolism?

A

bask in warm place if cold

147
Q

What do reptiles do when it is too cold outside to gain heat?

A

hibernate

148
Q

What shell shape do tortoises have?

A

dome-shaped

149
Q

Why do tortoises have dome-shaped shell?

A
  • dissipate excess heat

- bigger lung capacity

150
Q

Do Testudines have teeth?

A

no but have sharp beak

151
Q

What do marine turtles have to do?

A

return to land to lay eggs in sand or leaf litter for protection

152
Q

What are the only reptiles with no teeth?

A

Testudines

153
Q

What vertebrates have no teeth?

A

Aves and Testudines

154
Q

How do tortoises and turtles struggle with copulation?

A

difficult due to shell shape but males have a concavity in their shell to allow for fit for mating

155
Q

What are tuataras?

A

large lizard-like animals about half a meter long

156
Q

Where are tuataras found?

A

only on islands near New Zealand

157
Q

What unique feature do Tuataras have?

A

a partial third eye on the top of the head which allows sunlight to penetrate through skull into a portion of the brain to regulate circadian rhythm

158
Q

Are there legless lizards?

A

yes

159
Q

Where do crocodiles live?

A

near or in water in tropical and subtropical regions

160
Q

When are crocodiles active?

A

night-nocturnal

161
Q

Where are alligators found?

A

southern US and China

162
Q

Where are caimans found?

A

central america

163
Q

Where are gharials found?

A

India and Burma

164
Q

What most closely resembles birds than other living reptiles?

A

crocodiles

165
Q

How do crocodiles resemble birds?

A
  • 4 chambered heart

- provide parental care

166
Q

What does heterothermic/endothermic mean?

A

temperature of body relies on environment

167
Q

What are the most diverse of all terrestrial vertebrates?

A

birds

168
Q

Where are birds found?

A

diverse in habitat (can inhabit almost any habitat on earth)

169
Q

What is the most numerous bird order?

A

Passeriformes

170
Q

What kind of birds are Passeriformes?

A

song birds

171
Q

What have birds retained?

A

many reptilian traits

172
Q

What reptilian traits have birds retained?

A

amniotic eggs and scales on legs

173
Q

What are amniotic eggs?

A

shelled eggs

174
Q

What do bird red blood cells look like?

A

oval with nuclei

175
Q

What other animals have red blood cells similar to birds?

A

reptiles, fish, and amphibians

176
Q

What two major traits distinguish birds from reptiles?

A
  • feathers

- flight skeleton

177
Q

What is the purpose of feathers?

A

lift for flight and conserve heat

178
Q

Are birds ectothermic or endothermic?

A

endothermic

179
Q

What makes up a flight skeleton?

A

thing and hollow bones, many fused

180
Q

What bones are fused in birds?

A

collarbone and keeled breastbone

181
Q

Why do birds have hollow and fused bones?

A

to reduce body weight so they can fly

182
Q

What type of shells do birds have?

A

hard because of calcium carbonate

183
Q

What type of shells do reptiles have?

A

soft

184
Q

What do birds do with offspring?

A

provide parental care which increases likelihood of offspring survival

185
Q

Do reptiles provide care to offspring?

A

less than birds

186
Q

What are birds the direct descendants of?

A

theropod dinosaurs

187
Q

What structure do theropod dinosaurs have that birds still have today?

A

hip structure

188
Q

What was the first known bird?

A

Archaeopteryx

189
Q

What features did Archaeopteryx have?

A
  • skull with teeth
  • feathers on wings and tail
  • forelimbs nearly identical to those of theropods
190
Q

Why don’t birds have teeth?

A

teeth are heavy

191
Q

Why do birds have hollow bones?

A

form an airspace

192
Q

What are bird migratory patterns?

A

where birds travel far distances at high altitudes

193
Q

Do birds have tailbones?

A

no

194
Q

What are 3 characteristics of birds?

A
  • efficient respiration
  • efficient circulation
  • endothermy
195
Q

How do birds have efficient respiration?

A

air passes all the way through lungs in a single direction (“old air” never mixes with “new air” so have higher concentration of oxygen which means more ATP)

196
Q

How do birds have efficient circulation?

A
  • muscles receive fully oxygenated blood (4 chambered heart, no mixing of blood from tissues and heart so blood is fully oxygenated)
  • rapid heartbeat (over 200 bpm)
197
Q

What is endothermy?

A

body temperature permits higher metabolic rate

198
Q

What other ways are birds different than reptiles?

A
  • vast amount of songs

- visual colors that a lot of birds possess

199
Q

Which vertebrate class has the fewest species?

A

Mammalia

200
Q

What traits do mammalians have that distinguish them from all other vertebrates?

A
  • hair

- mammary gland

201
Q

What is hair?

A

long, keratin-rich filaments that extend from hair follicles

202
Q

What is the function of hair?

A

insulation, camouflage, sensory structure (cat whiskers)

203
Q

Who possesses mammary glands?

A

females

204
Q

What is the function of mammary glands?

A

secrete milk

205
Q

What is hair secreted from?

A

keratinocytes

206
Q

What is colostrum?

A

the “first milk” which provides antibodies to the offspring

207
Q

What are other notable features of mammals?

A
  • endothermy

- placenta in some

208
Q

What is the placenta?

A

specialized organ that brings fetal and maternal blood into close contact

209
Q

Are most mammals placental?

A

yes

210
Q

What does endothermy mean?

A

generate own heat

211
Q

What two things relate to endothermy?

A

circulation and respiration

212
Q

What does circulation mean?

A

moves heat around

213
Q

What does respiration do?

A

lose heat every time you breathe out

214
Q

Why is endothermy good?

A

metabolism isn’t dictated by outside temperature

215
Q

Why is endothermy bad?

A

requires more calories (why birds and mammals have to eat so much)

216
Q

What are the two subclasses of mammals?

A
  • Prototheria

- Theria

217
Q

Which is more primitive, Prototheria or Theria?

A

Prototheria

218
Q

What is Prototheria?

A

lay shelled eggs, one living group

219
Q

What is the living group of Prototheria?

A

monotremes

220
Q

What are Theria?

A

Viviparous and 2 living groups

221
Q

What does viviparous mean?

A

live young

222
Q

What are the two living groups of Theria?

A

marsupials and placental mammals

223
Q

What are the living monotremes?

A
  • duck billed platypus
  • short nosed echidna
  • long nosed echidna
224
Q

What feature do monotremes have?

A

single opening, cloaca, for digestive and reproductive tracts like birds

225
Q

What are Monotremes?

A

egg laying mammals

226
Q

What are marsupials?

A

pouched mammals

227
Q

What are parts of eggs of marsupials?

A

have chorion and amnion but no shell

228
Q

How are embryo’s nourished in marsupials?

A

by abundent yolk

229
Q

What happens for marsupials after birth?

A

crawls into marsupial pouch and attaches to nippled and continues to develop

230
Q

What was the largest carnivorous marsupial?

A

Tasmanian Tiger

231
Q

What are placental mammals?

A

produce a true placenta that nourishes embryo throughout its development

232
Q

What does placental mammals form?

A

both fetal and maternal tissue

233
Q

What is the function of the placenta?

A

prevent most infections from crossing border

234
Q

What can cross the border of placenta?

A

nutrition and antibodies

235
Q

What gave rise to humans?

A

primates

236
Q

What did primates evolve that allowed them to succeed in an arboreal environment?

A
  • grasping fingers and toes (first digit is opposable)

- stereoscopic vision

237
Q

What is stereoscopic vision?

A

eyes are shifted towards the front of the face

238
Q

Why is stereoscopic vision good?

A

better depth perception, for better hunting and seeing threats

239
Q

is flying a unqiue bird trait?

A

no

240
Q

What animals make up the majority of placental species?

A

rodents and bats

241
Q

Why are there so many bats?

A

bats live in caves and trees, so they can evolve separately as population is isolated

Principles of Zoology (20 decks)

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