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Principles of Zoology > Invertebrates Part 1 > Flashcards

Invertebrates Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What phylum is part of the clade Parazoa?

A

Porifera

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2
Q

What animal is part of phylum Porifera?

A

sponges

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3
Q

Where are sponges a found?

A

marine and freshwater

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4
Q

How are sponges in the larval stage compared to the adult?

A

larval are free swimming while adult are anchored onto a submerged object (sessile)

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5
Q

What characterizes the clade Parazoa?

A

no body symmetry and no tissues (have cells though)

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6
Q

What does sessile mean?

A

anchored

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7
Q

What symmetry do sponges have?

A

asymmetrical

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8
Q

What shapes do adult sponges have?

A

vase shaped

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9
Q

Are sponges simple or complex?

A

very simple

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10
Q

What are the layers of the sponge body wall?

A

inner, middle, and outer

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11
Q

What are the body walls of sponges made of?

A

layers of cells that lack discrete (?) organization

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12
Q

Describe the inner layer of a sponge’s body wall

A

specialized cells called choanocytes, or collar cells

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13
Q

Describe the middle layer of a sponge’s body wall

A
  • gelatinous, protein-rich matrix mesohyl

- may contain spicules and/or spongin

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14
Q

What are spicules? Is it hard or soft?

A

skeletal spikes of silica or calcium carbonate, rigid or hard

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15
Q

What is spongin? Is it hard or soft?

A

protein fiber, soft

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16
Q

Describe the outer layer of a sponge’s body wall

A

protective “epithelial” cells

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17
Q

Do sponges have a epithelium?

A

no, the “epithelial” cells are simply a descriptive term

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18
Q

What layers of the sponge’s body wall are unique to sponges?

A

inner and middle

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19
Q

Do sponges contain both spicules and spongin?

A

some are exclusively spongin and some contain both

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20
Q

How do sponges eat?

A

filter feeders

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21
Q

How does filter feeding work?

A

move water from outside of the animal through pores where food can be filtered. Water moves from outer area through little channels into the inner space which opens to the outside on the top

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22
Q

What are the three body plans?

A

asconoid, synconoid, and leuconoid

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23
Q

What is asconoid?

A

simplest

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24
Q

What is synconoid?

A

increased surface area

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25
Q

What is leuconoid?

A

greatest surface area

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26
Q

What helps sponges feed?

A

choanocyte flagella

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27
Q

How do sponges reproduce?

A

asexually and sexually

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28
Q

How do sponges asexually reproduce?

A

fragmentation, gemmule formation

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29
Q

How do sponges sexually reproduce?

A

egg and sperm spawning

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30
Q

What is fragmentation?

A

body breaks down

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31
Q

How do larval sponges swim?

A

use cilia

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32
Q

What do larval sponges do before they can become adults?

A

settle down on a substrate

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33
Q

Do sponges produce both sperm and egg?

A

yes some do, but they cannot fertilize their own

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34
Q

What clades are part of Eumetazoa?

A

radiata and bilateria

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35
Q

What are radiata?

A

have radial symmetry

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36
Q

What are bilateria?

A

have bilateral symmetry

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37
Q

What phylums are part of radiata?

A

Cnidaria and Ctenophora

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38
Q

What animal are Ctenophora?

A

comb jellies

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39
Q

What phylums make up Bilateria?

A

all other animals besides Cnidaria and Ctenophora

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40
Q

Where do Cnidarians live?

A

nearly all marine

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41
Q

Describe Cnidarian’s body systems?

A

distinct tissues but no organs

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42
Q

Are Cnidarians triploblastic or diploblastic?

A

diploblastic

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43
Q

What does diploblastic mean?

A

2 germ layers

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44
Q

What layers do diploblasts have?

A
  • ectoderm (epidermis)
  • endoderm (gastrodermis)
  • mesoglea (non living layer)
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45
Q

What is the mesoglea?

A

a layer of gelatinous material

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46
Q

What type of eaters are Cniderians?

A

carnivores

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47
Q

What two body forms do Cnidarians have?

A

polyps and medusae

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48
Q

What shape do polyps have?

A

cylindrical

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49
Q

Do polyps move?

A

no, they are sessile

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50
Q

Do medusae move?

A

yes they are free living

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51
Q

What shape do medusae have?

A

umbrella

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52
Q

Are more Cnidaria polyps or medusae?

A

some are either medusae or polyps, others alternate

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53
Q

How do polyps reproduce?

A

sexually or asexually; use budding

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54
Q

What is the gastrovascular cavity?

A

it acts as a gut, it is not a body cavity

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55
Q

If something has a gastrovascular cavity, then it is?

A

acoelomate

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56
Q

What is budding?

A

growing a new polyp out of its side; may produce a new polyp or medusae

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57
Q

How do medusae reproduce?

A

sexually; external fertilization

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58
Q

What are medusae larva called?

A

planulae

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59
Q

Are medusae larvae free swimming or sessile?

A

free swimming

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60
Q

How do Cnidaria digest?

A

internal extracellular digestion

  • extracellular fragmentation in the gastrovascular cavity
  • phagocytosis and intracellular digestion
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61
Q

What happens in the gastrovascular cavity?

A

enzymes released into the cavity

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62
Q

How does intracellular digestion work?

A

further break down inside cell

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63
Q

what systems do Cnidaria lack?

A

circulatory, respiratory, and excretory

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64
Q

What is the respiratory system?

A

lungs, gills

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65
Q

What is the excretory system?

A

removes waste

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66
Q

How does internal extracellular digestion work?

A

break down prey into components (macromolecules)

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67
Q

How do Cnidaria get nutrients?

A

move nutrients through the tissues by diffusion

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68
Q

How do Cnidaria get rid of waste?

A

oxygen gets diffused into the body, and CO2 and other waste gets diffused out

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69
Q

What unique cells do Cnidaria have on their epidermis?

A

cnidocytes

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70
Q

What is a special type of cnidocyte?

A

nematocyst

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71
Q

What is a nematocyst?

A

a stinging cell that produces a toxin, it has a small but powerful harpoon

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72
Q

What is the function of nematocysts?

A

food acquisition and defense

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73
Q

Where are nematocysts mainly located?

A

tentacles

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74
Q

If Cnidarias can’t see, how do they know when to release the harpoon from nematocysts?

A

they can sense what has bumped into them and that triggers the release

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75
Q

What are the four classes of Cnidarians?

A

Hydrozoa, Cubozoa, Syphozoa, Anthozoa

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76
Q

What animal are Hydrozoa?

A

hydroids

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77
Q

What animal are Scyphozoa?

A

jellyfish

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78
Q

What animal are Cubozoa?

A

box jellyfish

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79
Q

What animal are anthozoa?

A

sea pens, sea pansies, corals, and sea anemones

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80
Q

Do true jellyfish or cube jellyfish have more toxic venom?

A

cube

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81
Q

Where do Hydrozoa live?

A

the only fresh water and marine

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82
Q

What form are Hydrozoa in?

A

polyp and medusae

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83
Q

What is obelia?

A

a polyp genius of hydrozoa

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84
Q

How do Hydrozoa feed?

A

they paralyze prey and bring towards mouth

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85
Q

Do Hydrozoa stay fixed?

A

no, they can tumble from place to place and have a stick pad to anchor

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86
Q

What Cnidarian class is the Portuguese Man O’ War?

A

Hydrozoa, it is a colony of polyps and some perform the special function of creating a sail which is filled with gas

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87
Q

What form are Scyphozoa in?

A

most commonly in medusae

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88
Q

Where are Scyphozoa found?

A

marine only (not exactly true b/c there is a freshwater species)

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89
Q

What is a genus of Hydrozoa?

A

obelia

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90
Q

What is a genus of Scyphozoa?

A

Aurelia

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91
Q

What defense do Scyphozoa have?

A

can inflict painful stings

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92
Q

Do Scyphozoa live in cold or warm water?

A

both

93
Q

Are Scyphozoa important for the food chain?

A

yes, sea turtles eat jellyfish

94
Q

How do Scyphozoa move?

A

muscle tissues naturally contract, so they pulse because of contracting their muscle cells

95
Q

What are Anthozoa important for?

A

marine reef ecosystems

96
Q

What form are Anthozoa in?

A

polyp

97
Q

How do Anthozoa live?

A

colonial and solitary

98
Q

What do corals secrete?

A

calcium carbonate

99
Q

Why do corals secrete calcium carbonate?

A

to build the reef, protection

100
Q

What type of relationship do corals have with other organisms? How?

A

symbiotic; Organism live inside and provides nutrients while coral provides protection (??)

101
Q

Are corals colony or solitary?

A

colony

102
Q

Are sea anemones colony or solitary?

A

solitary

103
Q

How do sea anemones stick to surface?

A

have an adhering disk

104
Q

How do sea anemones have a relationship with clown fish?

A

clown fish are adapted to live amongst sea anemones by secreting a mucus that protects them from being stung

105
Q

What form are Cubozoa in?

A

mostly medusae

106
Q

Are Cubozoa dangerous to humans?

A

sting can be fatal

107
Q

Are Cubozoa advanced or simple?

A

some species have advanced sensory structures

108
Q

Can Cubozoa see?

A

no; some species have eyespots that allow them to distinguish from light and dark

109
Q

What phylum are flatworms? What clade?

A

Platyhelminthes; bilateria

110
Q

What are the two major groups of Platyhelminthes?

A

free-living flatworms and parasitic flatworms

111
Q

What class are free-living flatworms?

A

Turbellaria

112
Q

What two classes make up parasitic flatworms?

A

Trematoda and Cestoda

113
Q

Where do Parasitic flatworms get nutrients?

A

from body of host

114
Q

What kind of digestive tract to Platyhelminthes have?

A

incomplete or none at all

115
Q

Do Platyhelminthes have an excretory system?

A

yes

116
Q

Do Platyhelminthes have a nervous system?

A

yes but it is primitive, however it is more developed in the free-living

117
Q

How do Platyhelminthes move?

A

ciliated epithelia cells, musculature

118
Q

What is a problem Platyhelminthes can face? Why? How fix?

A

excess water entering the body due to osmosis because of how flat they are; get rid of excess water

119
Q

What is the digestive tract for Turbellaria?

A

incomplete digestive cavity with only one opening (mouth but no anus) - so what goes in the mouth must leave by mouth

120
Q

What is the digestive tract for tapeworms and flukes?

A

lack digestive systems

121
Q

How do tapeworms and flukes get nutrients?

A

absorb food directly through body walls

122
Q

Which is more harmful, tapeworms or flukes?

A

flukes because they can block the flow of bile in the liver

123
Q

What excretory system do Turbellaria have? What does it consist of?

A

excretory and osmoregulatory; network of fine tubules and flame cells

124
Q

Where are flame cells located?

A

the side branches

125
Q

What is the primary function of flame cells?

A

water balance

126
Q

What is the secondary function of flame cells?

A

excretion

127
Q

How are metabolic wastes excreted for Turbellaria?

A

excreted into the gut and eliminated through the mouth

128
Q

What is the function of the fine tubules in Turbellaria?

A

collection of water

129
Q

What is the osmoregulatory system in Turbellaria?

A

similar to our kidneys, removes excess water

130
Q

Do Turbellaria have a circulatory system?

A

no because there body is so flat that diffusion takes care of gasses and nutrients into tissues

131
Q

Can Turbellaria see?

A

they can have simple eyespots but cannot see, they can distinguish light from dark

132
Q

What is the advantage of eyespots for Turbellaria?

A

so they can know if they are covered or sheltered

133
Q

How do Turbellaria reproduce?

A

sexual reproduction, and can also do asexual regeneration

134
Q

How do Turbellaria reproduce sexually?

A

most are hemaphroditic, get in close contact with others

135
Q

What predators do Turbellaria have?

A

fish, salamanders, frogs

136
Q

What serves as a “brain” in Turbellaria?

A

anterior-cerebral ganglion

137
Q

What is the anterior-cerebral ganglion?

A

conglomeration of nerve cells, serves as a very primitive brain. The eyespots are on top on it

138
Q

Where are free-living flatworms found?

A

freshwater, marine, and terrestrial environments

139
Q

What are the projections on free-living flatworms’ head?

A

touch receptors

140
Q

What class are flukes?

A

Trematoda

141
Q

What do flukes live as?

A

ectoparasites or endoparasites in the bodies of other animals

142
Q

What is an ectoparasite?

A

external attachment (aquatic only)

143
Q

What is an endoparasite?

A

inside body

144
Q

How do flukes attach?

A

suckers, anchors, or hooks

145
Q

How many hosts do flukes have in their lifecycle?

A

involves one or two hosts (larval into juvenile stage in one and adult in another)

146
Q

What are the two types of parasitic lifestyles?

A

Direct and indirect

147
Q

What is a direct parasitic lifestyle?

A

only always one host

148
Q

What is an indirect parasitic lifestyle?

A

two or more hosts

149
Q

What are the three types of parasitic hosts?

A

definitive, intermediate, and paratenic

150
Q

What parasite stage lives in a definitive host?

A

adult parasite (where sexual reproduction occurs)

151
Q

What parasite stage lives in an intermediate host?

A

larval form (asexual reproduction??)

152
Q

What parasitic stage lives in a paratenic host?

A

host serves as transport

153
Q

What happens if you break the parasitic lifecycle chain?

A

can not complete lifecycle

154
Q

What can break the parasitic lifecycle?

A
  • create sanitation system
  • get rid of snails (intermediate host)
  • cook meat thoroughly
155
Q

What is the definitive host for flukes?

A

humans

156
Q

What is the intermediate host for flukes?

A

snails

157
Q

What is the paratenic host for flukes?

A

fish

158
Q

Every vertebrate has its own ___________.

A

tapeworm species

159
Q

What class are tapeworms?

A

cestoda

160
Q

What do tapeworms do?

A

live as parasites within the bodies of other animals

161
Q

Where do tapeworms most often occur?

A

in the intestines of vertebrates

162
Q

Do tapeworms have eyespots?

A

no

163
Q

Do flukes have eyespots?

A

no

164
Q

How is the body of Cestoda devided?

A

scolex, neck, and proglottids

165
Q

What is the scolex?

A

attachment organ

166
Q

What is the neck?

A

unsegmented portion

167
Q

What is the proglottids?

A

repetitive sections, each with a complex hermaphroditic unit

168
Q

What is the beef tapeworm?

A

Taenia saginata

169
Q

What segment is most of the Cestoda body?

A

proglottids

170
Q

How do Cestoda spread?

A

break off parts of proglottids and pass through fecal

171
Q

How do dogs get tapeworms?

A

flea eats proglottids and then flea carries the tapeworm and then a dog gets fleas and eats a flea and get tapeworm

172
Q

What clades are Platyhelminthes part of?

A

bilateria acoelomates

173
Q

Where are Cycliophora found? And what clade?

A

exclusively on mouthparts of clawed lobsters, bilateria acoelomates

174
Q

What do pseudocoelomates possess?

A

a pseudocoel

175
Q

What is a pseudocoel?

A

a cavity between the mesoderm and endoderm

176
Q

What does a pseudocoel serve as?

A

a hydrostatic skeleton, against which the animal’s muscles can work

177
Q

What do pseudocoelomates lack?

A

a circulatory system

178
Q

What do pseudocoelomates use in place of a circulatory system?

A

fluids that move within the pseudocoel

179
Q

How does the pseudocoel act as a circulatory system for pseudocoelomates?

A

fluid is inside the cavity and when the muscles contract it pushes the fluid. It allows the animal to have a more rigid body than a soft animal and aids in movement. When the fluid moves around, it brings in oxygen

180
Q

What phylums are under Pseudocoelomates?

A

Nematoda and Rotifera

181
Q

What animal are nematodes?

A

roundworms

182
Q

What types of nematodes are there?

A

free living and parsitic

183
Q

Where do free living nematodes live?

A

marine, freshwater, and soil

184
Q

Where do parasitic nematodes live?

A

inside host (animal and plant (?))

185
Q

What type of symmetry do nematodes have?

A

bilateral

186
Q

Are nematodes segmented or unsegmented?

A

unsegmented

187
Q

What body shape do nematodes have?

A

cylindrical

188
Q

Do nematodes have a complete digestive tract?

A

yes

189
Q

What are nematodes covered in?

A

a flexible, thick cuticle

190
Q

What is the function of the cuticle?

A

protect the animal’s body, slows down loss of water and osmosis of water, protects body when moving through soil

191
Q

What must a nematode do in order to grow?

A

molt their cuticle, around 4 times during larval stage (?)

192
Q

What do nematodes exchange through their cuticles?

A

oxygen

193
Q

What are nematode mouths equipped with?

A

piercing organs called stylets (analogous to teeth)

194
Q

How do nematodes eliminate waste?

A

through the anus

195
Q

How do nematodes eat?

A

food passes through the mouth by the sucking action of the pharynx

196
Q

Are nematodes bad or good?

A

some are beneficial and some damaging

197
Q

How nematodes reproduce?

A

sexually

198
Q

Are nematodes hermaphrodites?

A

no, the sexes are separate

199
Q

How do nematodes have offspring?

A

most eggs, some live birth

200
Q

What is it called when the sexes are separate?

A

dioecious

201
Q

How are nematodes efficient?

A

males have elaborate organs because insertion instead of leaving in environment

202
Q

How many eggs a day can a female nematode lay?

A

up to 10,000

203
Q

What can nematodes cause in humans?

A

diseases

204
Q

What diseases can nematodes cause?

A

trichinosis, intestinal roundworm, and elephantiasis

205
Q

What causes trichinosis?

A

Trichinella

206
Q

What causes intestinal roundworm?

A

Ascaris lumnricoides

207
Q

What results from trichinosis?

A

cysts in the muscles

208
Q

What diseases can nematodes cause in animals?

A

heartworm

209
Q

What is elephantiasis?

A

a type of nematode passed by fly bite gets into animal which then defecates on sand. When walking on sand barefoot, worms get under skin and into the lymphatic system causing a blockage which results in edema

210
Q

What is heartworm?

A

transmitted by mosquitos, worms go into the blood stream and to the heart

211
Q

What type of body symmetry to Rotifera have?

A

bilateral

212
Q

Are Rotifers segmented?

A

unsegmented

213
Q

What kind of organs do Rotifers have?

A

complex internal organs

214
Q

Do Rotifers have a complete digestive tract?

A

yes

215
Q

What nickname do Rotifers have?

A

“wheel animal”

216
Q

Why are Rotifers nicknamed “wheel animal”?

A

because of their wheel-like mouth arrangement

217
Q

Where are Rotifers found?

A

aquatic - freshwater

218
Q

How big are rotifers?

A

microscopic

219
Q

How are Rotifers complex?

A

have something similar to a heart

220
Q

Are Rotifers hermaphroditic or doecious?

A

some are hermaphroditic and some are doecious

221
Q

What is the mouth part of Rotifers called?

A

corona

222
Q

What is the function of the foot of the Rotifer?

A

allows it to hold onto something like a twig

223
Q

Do Rotifers have eyespots?

A

some do to distinguish between light and dark

224
Q

Are Nematodes or Rotifers more advanced?

A

nematodes

225
Q

What is the function of the corona in Rotifers?

A

to swim around and eat

226
Q

How do Rotifers eat?

A

have cilia that pull food particles into the animals mouth

227
Q

Do Rotifers have a nerve cord?

A

yes

228
Q

What shaped stylets do Nematodes have?

A

pointed ones in parasites and flatter ones in free living

229
Q

What kind of eaters are parasitic nematodes?

A

blood suckers

Principles of Zoology (20 decks)

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