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Principles of Zoology > Respiratory Systems (Part 2) > Flashcards

Respiratory Systems (Part 2) Flashcards

1
Q

How does respiration occur in simple invertebrates?

A

simple diffusion across thin body wall or cuticle

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2
Q

Do simple invertebrates have a circulatory system?

A

no

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3
Q

Do simple invertebrates have a respiratory system?

A

no

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4
Q

How can simple invertebrates have no respiratory or circulatory system?

A

thin body wall and higher surface area to volume ratio

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5
Q

What are simple invertebrates?

A
  • Porifera
  • Cnidaria
  • Platyhelminthes
  • Nematodes
  • Rotifers
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6
Q

What invertebrates experience diffusion externally?

A

Annelids

Echinoderms

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7
Q

What is external respiration like in invertebrates (not simple)?

A

diffusion across epithelium or cuticle

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8
Q

Do invertebrates that experience external (not simple) respiration have a circulatory system?

A

yes

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9
Q

Describe appearance and location of invertebrates (not simple) that do external repsiration?

A

small and restricted to moist/wet environments

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10
Q

How do annelids do diffusion?

A

cuticle

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11
Q

How do Echinoderms do diffusion?

A

protruding papulae

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12
Q

What type of respiration do crustaceans and mollusks do and how?

A

internal
-gills
REMEBER THESE ARE INVERTRBRATES

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13
Q

What type of respiration do insecta and myriapoda do and how?

A

internal
-tracheal system
REMEBER THESE ARE INVERTRBRATES

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14
Q

What type of respiration do spiders and other chelicerata do and how?

A

-internal
-book lungs (bring air in and pull across book lungs)
REMEBER THESE ARE INVERTRBRATES

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15
Q

Where do insects and myriopoda live?

A

terrestrial

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16
Q

Where do spiders and other chelicerata live?

A

-terrestrial (keep moist by internal location)

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17
Q

Where do crustaceans and mollusks live?

A

mostly aquatic but a few terrestrial species

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18
Q

What do all vertebrates have?

A

extensive capillary network associated with each respiratory organ which tends to be enclosed within a cavity (but not always)

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19
Q

What do fish use for respiration?

A

gills

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20
Q

What do amphibians use for respiration?

A
  • lungs and cutaneous

- gills as larvae

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21
Q

What do reptiles, birds, and mammals use for respiration?

A

lungs

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22
Q

What are gills?

A

respiratory tisses that project into water

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23
Q

What are the types of gills?

A

external and internal

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24
Q

Where are gills located?

A

oral and opercular cavities

25
Q

What do the oral and opercular cavities function as for gills? How?

A

pumps

-water flows over gills in one direction

26
Q

What is gill anatomy made of?

A
  • 4 gill arch on each side
  • gill raker
  • 2 rows of gill filaments
  • lamellae
27
Q

What do the gill filaments consist of?

A

lamellae

28
Q

What do the different parts of the gills aid in?

A

very large surface area for diffusion

29
Q

How does blood flow in fish?

A

opposite to direction of water movement

30
Q

What is the way blood flows in fish called?

A

countercurrent flow

31
Q

Why is it important there is countercurrent flow of blood compared to water?

A

if there was concurrent flow, when equilibrium is reached diffusion would stop, it oxygenates the blood

32
Q

Describe cutaneous respiration?

A
  • moist skin (either due to mucus or going out at night)
  • very short distance over which diffusion occurs
  • not limited to just amphibians
33
Q

What do lungs replace in terrestrial animals?

A

gills

34
Q

Why do terrestrial animals have lungs and not gills?

A
  • air is less supportive than water

- water evaportates

35
Q

What do lungs minimize?

A

evaportation

36
Q

What two respiratory trees make up the vertebrate respiratory systems?

A

upper and lower

37
Q

What makes up the upper respiratory tree?

A
  • nares
  • mouth
  • sinus passageways
  • pharygneal area
  • epiglottis
  • larynx
38
Q

What are nares?

A

nostrils

39
Q

What is the function of the mouth?

A

entry point

40
Q

What is the function of the sinus passageways?

A

moisten inhaled air

41
Q

What is the pharyngeal area?

A

back of throat

42
Q

What is the function of the epiglottis?

A

covers glottis

43
Q

What is the larynx?

A

cartilage (vocal cords)

44
Q

What makes up the lower respiratory tree?

A
  • trachea

- lungs

45
Q

What is in the traches?

A

hyaline cartilage rings

46
Q

What is the function of hyaline cartilage rings?

A

so it doesn’t clsoe

47
Q

What are the parts of the lungs?

A
  • primary bronchi
  • secondary and tertiary bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • alveoli
48
Q

Where does diffusion occur in the lungs?

A

ONLY in the alveoli

49
Q

What vertebrate doesn’t have alveoli?

A

birds

50
Q

What is the role of alveoli?

A

release surfactant

51
Q

What is the function of surfactant?

A

lowers surface tension, which keeps the alveoli from collapsing after exhalation and makes breathing easy

52
Q

What cells make up alveoli(?) epithelium?

A

simple squamous

53
Q

What are the parts of the alveoli?

A
  • pulmonary alveoli
  • alveolar epitheloum
  • bronchiole
54
Q

What do birds have instead of alveoli?

A

Parabronchi

55
Q

What are Parabronchi?

A

air sacs

56
Q

What kind of air flow occurs in birds?

A

unidirectional flow

57
Q

What does unidirectional air flow allow for?

A

more oxygen

58
Q

Do only birds have air sacs (parabronchi)?

A

they are unique to birds but a few reptiles have them too

Principles of Zoology (20 decks)

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