Respiratory Systems (Part 2) Flashcards
How does respiration occur in simple invertebrates?
simple diffusion across thin body wall or cuticle
Do simple invertebrates have a circulatory system?
no
Do simple invertebrates have a respiratory system?
no
How can simple invertebrates have no respiratory or circulatory system?
thin body wall and higher surface area to volume ratio
What are simple invertebrates?
- Porifera
- Cnidaria
- Platyhelminthes
- Nematodes
- Rotifers
What invertebrates experience diffusion externally?
Annelids
Echinoderms
What is external respiration like in invertebrates (not simple)?
diffusion across epithelium or cuticle
Do invertebrates that experience external (not simple) respiration have a circulatory system?
yes
Describe appearance and location of invertebrates (not simple) that do external repsiration?
small and restricted to moist/wet environments
How do annelids do diffusion?
cuticle
How do Echinoderms do diffusion?
protruding papulae
What type of respiration do crustaceans and mollusks do and how?
internal
-gills
REMEBER THESE ARE INVERTRBRATES
What type of respiration do insecta and myriapoda do and how?
internal
-tracheal system
REMEBER THESE ARE INVERTRBRATES
What type of respiration do spiders and other chelicerata do and how?
-internal
-book lungs (bring air in and pull across book lungs)
REMEBER THESE ARE INVERTRBRATES
Where do insects and myriopoda live?
terrestrial
Where do spiders and other chelicerata live?
-terrestrial (keep moist by internal location)
Where do crustaceans and mollusks live?
mostly aquatic but a few terrestrial species
What do all vertebrates have?
extensive capillary network associated with each respiratory organ which tends to be enclosed within a cavity (but not always)
What do fish use for respiration?
gills
What do amphibians use for respiration?
- lungs and cutaneous
- gills as larvae
What do reptiles, birds, and mammals use for respiration?
lungs
What are gills?
respiratory tisses that project into water
What are the types of gills?
external and internal
Where are gills located?
oral and opercular cavities
What do the oral and opercular cavities function as for gills? How?
pumps
-water flows over gills in one direction
What is gill anatomy made of?
- 4 gill arch on each side
- gill raker
- 2 rows of gill filaments
- lamellae
What do the gill filaments consist of?
lamellae
What do the different parts of the gills aid in?
very large surface area for diffusion
How does blood flow in fish?
opposite to direction of water movement
What is the way blood flows in fish called?
countercurrent flow
Why is it important there is countercurrent flow of blood compared to water?
if there was concurrent flow, when equilibrium is reached diffusion would stop, it oxygenates the blood
Describe cutaneous respiration?
- moist skin (either due to mucus or going out at night)
- very short distance over which diffusion occurs
- not limited to just amphibians
What do lungs replace in terrestrial animals?
gills
Why do terrestrial animals have lungs and not gills?
- air is less supportive than water
- water evaportates
What do lungs minimize?
evaportation
What two respiratory trees make up the vertebrate respiratory systems?
upper and lower
What makes up the upper respiratory tree?
- nares
- mouth
- sinus passageways
- pharygneal area
- epiglottis
- larynx
What are nares?
nostrils
What is the function of the mouth?
entry point
What is the function of the sinus passageways?
moisten inhaled air
What is the pharyngeal area?
back of throat
What is the function of the epiglottis?
covers glottis
What is the larynx?
cartilage (vocal cords)
What makes up the lower respiratory tree?
- trachea
- lungs
What is in the traches?
hyaline cartilage rings
What is the function of hyaline cartilage rings?
so it doesn’t clsoe
What are the parts of the lungs?
- primary bronchi
- secondary and tertiary bronchi
- bronchioles
- alveoli
Where does diffusion occur in the lungs?
ONLY in the alveoli
What vertebrate doesn’t have alveoli?
birds
What is the role of alveoli?
release surfactant
What is the function of surfactant?
lowers surface tension, which keeps the alveoli from collapsing after exhalation and makes breathing easy
What cells make up alveoli(?) epithelium?
simple squamous
What are the parts of the alveoli?
- pulmonary alveoli
- alveolar epitheloum
- bronchiole
What do birds have instead of alveoli?
Parabronchi
What are Parabronchi?
air sacs
What kind of air flow occurs in birds?
unidirectional flow
What does unidirectional air flow allow for?
more oxygen
Do only birds have air sacs (parabronchi)?
they are unique to birds but a few reptiles have them too
