Form and Function

Question 1

Body shapes are determined by?

Answer 1

habitat

Question 2

What are the 4 body shapes that are affected by habitat?

Answer 2

• fusiform
• laterally-compressed
• flattened
• snakelike

Question 3

What is a fusiform body shape?

Answer 3

streamlined shape for active swimmers

Question 4

What is laterally-compressed body shape?

Answer 4

flattened so can maneuver through corals

Question 5

What is flattened body shape?

Answer 5

bottom-dwellers

Question 6

what is snake-like body shape?

Answer 6

burrowing fish

Question 7

Do endotherms or ectotherms have a higher metabolic rate?

Answer 7

endotherms

Question 8

What sized animals have a faster endothermic metabolic rate?

Answer 8

smaller

Question 9

What is torpor?

Answer 9

temporary hibernation; decrease in metabolism (cold)

Question 10

What is hibernation?

Answer 10

extended state of greatly reduced metabolism (cold)

Question 11

What is estivation?

Answer 11

a form of torpor occurring when temperatures are high and water is scarce

Question 12

Do bears hibernate?

Answer 12

no, they go into torpor

Question 13

Why do smaller animals have a higher metabolism?

Answer 13

bigger bodies have a lower SA:V, so less heat is lost compared to small animals

Question 14

Why would an animal lower its metabolism on purpose?

Answer 14

allow it to survive through certain conditions such as extreme cold or night where there is less prey

Question 15

How is animal size limited?

Answer 15

weight of exoskeleton in arthropods and body mass in land animals

Question 16

What must be true for the body of a land animal?

Answer 16

have enough support to counteract gravity

Question 17

What is a result of having enough support to counteract gravity?

Answer 17

increased demand for energy

Question 18

What do animals without circulatory systems rely on?

Answer 18

totally on diffusion

Question 19

What is a main limiting factor in diffusion?

Answer 19

the distance over which diffusion must take place: as size increases, the SA:V ratio decreases

Question 20

What does the midsagittal plane do?

Answer 20

divides body into right and left portions

Question 21

What does the frontal plane do?

Answer 21

divides body into front (dorsal) and back (ventral) portions

Question 22

What does the transverse plane

Answer 22

divides the body into upper (head) and lower (butt) portions

Question 23

What does medial mean?

Answer 23

toward the midline

Question 24

What does lateral mean?

Answer 24

away from the midline

Question 25

What does proximal mean?

Answer 25

closer to the point of reference

Question 26

What does distal mean?

Answer 26

further away from the point of reference

Question 27

What animal group has a diaphragm?

Answer 27

only mammals

Question 28

What does the diaphragm divide?

Answer 28

divides the ventral cavity into the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity

Question 29

What ventral cavity do non-mammal vertebrates have?

Answer 29

coelomic

Question 30

What two major body cavities do mammals have?

Answer 30

dorsal and ventral

Question 31

What two major body cavities do non-mammal vertebrates have?

Answer 31

dorsal and coelomic

Question 32

What makes up the dorsal cavity?

Answer 32

cranial and spinal cavity

Question 33

What is the purpose of homeostasis?

Answer 33

to maintain the dynamic equilibrium of the body

Question 34

What things are regulated by hormones?

Answer 34

water balance, temperature, nutrient levels, mineral levels, pH levels

Question 35

What is the ideal range of something in animals called?

Answer 35

set point

Question 36

What is homeostasis (?) maintained by?

Answer 36

feedback systems

Question 37

How do feedback systems work?

Answer 37

sensor->integrator->effector

Question 38

What does the sensor do?

Answer 38

Monitors the environment (external or internal) and sends information to the integrator

Question 39

What does the integrator do?

Answer 39

Processes information from the sensors and sends signals or commands to effectors

Question 40

What does the effector do?

Answer 40

Takes actions to restore the environment to a steady state

Question 41

What is negative feedback?

Answer 41

changes direction of the stimulus

Question 42

What is positive feedback?

Answer 42

maintains or strengthens the direction of

the stimulus

Question 43

What kind of feedback is pregnancy and bloodclotting?

Answer 43

positive; fetus puts pressure on cervix which tells body something happening and signals cause contractions till birth

Question 44

When does the body regulate temperature? (in response to)

Answer 44

in response to signals from the nervous system

Question 45

How does the body regulate temperature when body temperature rises?

Answer 45

blood vessels dilate, resulting in heat loss to the environment. Sweat glands secrete fluid. As the fluid evaporates, heat is lost from the body

Question 46

How does the body regulate temperature when the body temperature falls?

Answer 46

Blood vessels constrict so that heat is conserved. Sweat glands do not secrete fluids. Shivering (involuntary contraction of the muscles) generates heat, which warms the body.

Question 47

What happens to heat after the body regulates a raised temperature?

Answer 47

heat is lost to the environment

Question 48

What happens to heat after the body regulated a fallen temperature?

Answer 48

heat is retained

Question 49

What are the four ways heat can be exchanged?

Answer 49

radiation, evaporation, convection, conduction

Question 50

What is radiation?

Answer 50

heat transfer from emission of electromagnetic waves

Question 51

What is evaporation?

Answer 51

transfer of heat as water changes state

Question 52

What is conduction?

Answer 52

heat transfer by contact with the heating surface

Question 53

What is convection?

Answer 53

heat transfer by movement of the medium across a surface