Form and Function Flashcards

1
Q

Body shapes are determined by?

A

habitat

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2
Q

What are the 4 body shapes that are affected by habitat?

A
  • fusiform
  • laterally-compressed
  • flattened
  • snakelike
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3
Q

What is a fusiform body shape?

A

streamlined shape for active swimmers

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4
Q

What is laterally-compressed body shape?

A

flattened so can maneuver through corals

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5
Q

What is flattened body shape?

A

bottom-dwellers

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6
Q

what is snake-like body shape?

A

burrowing fish

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7
Q

Do endotherms or ectotherms have a higher metabolic rate?

A

endotherms

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8
Q

What sized animals have a faster endothermic metabolic rate?

A

smaller

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9
Q

What is torpor?

A

temporary hibernation; decrease in metabolism (cold)

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10
Q

What is hibernation?

A

extended state of greatly reduced metabolism (cold)

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11
Q

What is estivation?

A

a form of torpor occurring when temperatures are high and water is scarce

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12
Q

Do bears hibernate?

A

no, they go into torpor

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13
Q

Why do smaller animals have a higher metabolism?

A

bigger bodies have a lower SA:V, so less heat is lost compared to small animals

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14
Q

Why would an animal lower its metabolism on purpose?

A

allow it to survive through certain conditions such as extreme cold or night where there is less prey

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15
Q

How is animal size limited?

A

weight of exoskeleton in arthropods and body mass in land animals

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16
Q

What must be true for the body of a land animal?

A

have enough support to counteract gravity

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17
Q

What is a result of having enough support to counteract gravity?

A

increased demand for energy

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18
Q

What do animals without circulatory systems rely on?

A

totally on diffusion

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19
Q

What is a main limiting factor in diffusion?

A

the distance over which diffusion must take place: as size increases, the SA:V ratio decreases

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20
Q

What does the midsagittal plane do?

A

divides body into right and left portions

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21
Q

What does the frontal plane do?

A

divides body into front (dorsal) and back (ventral) portions

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22
Q

What does the transverse plane

A

divides the body into upper (head) and lower (butt) portions

23
Q

What does medial mean?

A

toward the midline

24
Q

What does lateral mean?

A

away from the midline

25
What does proximal mean?
closer to the point of reference
26
What does distal mean?
further away from the point of reference
27
What animal group has a diaphragm?
only mammals
28
What does the diaphragm divide?
divides the ventral cavity into the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
29
What ventral cavity do non-mammal vertebrates have?
coelomic
30
What two major body cavities do mammals have?
dorsal and ventral
31
What two major body cavities do non-mammal vertebrates have?
dorsal and coelomic
32
What makes up the dorsal cavity?
cranial and spinal cavity
33
What is the purpose of homeostasis?
to maintain the dynamic equilibrium of the body
34
What things are regulated by hormones?
water balance, temperature, nutrient levels, mineral levels, pH levels
35
What is the ideal range of something in animals called?
set point
36
What is homeostasis (?) maintained by?
feedback systems
37
How do feedback systems work?
sensor->integrator->effector
38
What does the sensor do?
Monitors the environment (external or internal) and sends information to the integrator
39
What does the integrator do?
Processes information from the sensors and sends signals or commands to effectors
40
What does the effector do?
Takes actions to restore the environment to a steady state
41
What is negative feedback?
changes direction of the stimulus
42
What is positive feedback?
maintains or strengthens the direction of | the stimulus
43
What kind of feedback is pregnancy and bloodclotting?
positive; fetus puts pressure on cervix which tells body something happening and signals cause contractions till birth
44
When does the body regulate temperature? (in response to)
in response to signals from the nervous system
45
How does the body regulate temperature when body temperature rises?
blood vessels dilate, resulting in heat loss to the environment. Sweat glands secrete fluid. As the fluid evaporates, heat is lost from the body
46
How does the body regulate temperature when the body temperature falls?
Blood vessels constrict so that heat is conserved. Sweat glands do not secrete fluids. Shivering (involuntary contraction of the muscles) generates heat, which warms the body.
47
What happens to heat after the body regulates a raised temperature?
heat is lost to the environment
48
What happens to heat after the body regulated a fallen temperature?
heat is retained
49
What are the four ways heat can be exchanged?
radiation, evaporation, convection, conduction
50
What is radiation?
heat transfer from emission of electromagnetic waves
51
What is evaporation?
transfer of heat as water changes state
52
What is conduction?
heat transfer by contact with the heating surface
53
What is convection?
heat transfer by movement of the medium across a surface