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Principles of Zoology > Circulatory Systems > Flashcards

Circulatory Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What lacks a separate circulatory system?

A
  • sponges
  • cnidarians
  • platyhelminthes
  • nematodes
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2
Q

What body characteristics can make a circulatory system unecessary?

A
  • use diffusion

- thin body walls

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3
Q

What do larger animals require?

A

a separate circulatory system for nutrient and waste transport

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4
Q

What is an open circulatory system?

A

no distinction between circulating and extracellular fluid

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5
Q

What is the fluid in open circulatory systems called?

A

hemolymph

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6
Q

What is a closed circulatory system?

A

distinct circulatory fluid enclosed in blood vessels and transported away from and back to heart

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7
Q

What types of circulatory system do fish have?

A

true chamber-pump heart

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8
Q

How many structures (?) do fish have in their circulatory system?

A

4

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9
Q

What do the 4 structures in the fish circulatory system form?

A

one after the other form 2 pumping chambers

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10
Q

What is the 1st pumping chamber of fish circulatory system made of?

A

sinus venosus and atrium

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11
Q

What is the 2nd pumping chamber of fish circulatory system made of?

A

ventricle and conus arterious

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12
Q

What kind of circuit system do fish have?

A

single circuit system

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13
Q

What is the pattern of blood flow for fish?

A

1st chamber -> 2nd chamber -> gills -> tissues ->start over again

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14
Q

What is the lateral side of single loop circulatory system?

A

gills to tissues

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15
Q

What is the venous side of single loop circulatory system?

A

tissues to heart

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16
Q

What do lungs in amphibians require?

A

double circulation, a second pumping circuit

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17
Q

What makes up double circulation?

A
  • pulmonary circulation

- systemic circulation

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18
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

moves blood between the heart and lungs

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19
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

moves blood between the heart and rest of body

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20
Q

What do arteries do?

A

carry blood away from the heart

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21
Q

What do veins do?

A

carry blood to the heart

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22
Q

What kind of heart do amphibians have?

A

3 chambered heart (2 atria and 1 ventricle)

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23
Q

Does oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood mix for amphibians?

A

somewhat

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24
Q

How do amphibians obtain additional oxygen?

A

cutaneous diffusion

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25
Q

What kind of heart do most reptiles (except crocodiles) have?

A

3 chambered heart

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26
Q

What do reptiles have in their heart?

A

a septum that subdivides the ventricle

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27
Q

What is the purpose of the ventricle being subdivided in reptiles?

A

reduces the mixing of blood in the heart

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28
Q

Which chamber of the heart does the most pumping?

A

ventricle

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29
Q

What prevents blood from moving backwards?

A

valves

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30
Q

What kind of heart do mammals, birds, and crocodilians have?

A

4 chambered heart (2 separate atria and 2 separate ventricles)

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31
Q

What are the 2 atria of a 4 chambered heart?

A

right and left

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32
Q

What is the function of the right atrium?

A

receives deoxygenated blood from the body and delivers it to the right ventricle, which pumps it to the lungs

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33
Q

What happens when deoxygenated blood goes through the lungs?

A

it becomes oxygenated

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34
Q

What is the function of the left atrium?

A

receives oxygenated blood from the lungs, delivers it to the left ventricle, which pumps to rest of body

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35
Q

Does blood mix for mammals, birds, and crocodillians?

A

no

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36
Q

What happens to valves as the heart goes through the cardiac cycle?

A

open and close through the cardiac cycle of diastole and systole

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37
Q

What is diastole?

A

rest, volume increases

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38
Q

What is systole?

A

contraction, volume decreases

39
Q

What are the sounds heard under a microscope caused by?

A

valves of heart opening and closing

40
Q

What are the aorta and its branches?

A

systemic arteries

41
Q

What is the function of the systemic arteries?

A

carry oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to all parts of the body

42
Q

What is the function of the coronary artieries?

A

supply the heart muscle itself

43
Q

What is the function of the superior vena cava?

A

drains the upper body

44
Q

What is the function of the inferior vena cava?

A

drains the lower body empty into the right atrium, completing the systemic circulation

45
Q

How many pairs of valves does the heart have?

A

2

46
Q

What are the 2 pairs of valves the heart has?

A
  • atrioventricular (AV) valves

- Semilunar valves

47
Q

What are the atrioventricular valves function?

A

guard the openings between atria and ventricles

48
Q

What are the two Atrioventricular valves?

A
  • tricuspid valve

- bicuspid (mitral) valve

49
Q

On what side is the tricuspid valve?

A

right

50
Q

On what side is the bicuspid (mitral) valve?

A

left

51
Q

What is the function of the semilunar valves?

A

guard the exits from the ventricles to the arterial system

52
Q

What are the two semilunar valves?

A
  • pulmonary valve

- aortic valve

53
Q

What side is the pulmonary valve on?

A

right

54
Q

What side is the aortic valve on?

A

left

55
Q

describe the mammalian circulatory system?

A
  • superior vena cava brings deoxygenated blood into the right atrium
  • tricuspid valve opens letting blood into right ventricle and then closes
  • right ventricle contracts and pulmonary semilunar valve opens, letting blood into the pulmonary arteries, then closes
  • pulmonary arteries carry the deoxygenated blood to the left and right lungs
  • gas exchange occurs and now the blood carries oxygen
  • pulmonary veins pump oxygenated blood from left and right lungs to the left atrium
  • bicuspid valve opens and lets blood into left ventricle and then closes
  • aortic valve opens and left ventricle contracts, and flows into aorta and closes
  • aorta carries highly oxygenated blood to the tissues
56
Q

Why are the walls of the left ventricle thicker than the right?

A

left ventricle is sending blood to the tissues of the body which is a farther distance and there is a lot of resistance from blood vessels

57
Q

What is arterial blood pressure measured with?

A

sphygmomanometer

58
Q

What are the two pressures the sphygmomanometer measures?

A

systolic and diastolic

59
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

the peak pressure at which ventricles are contracting

60
Q

What is diastolic pressure?

A

the minimum pressure between heartbeats at which the ventricles are relaxed

61
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

the ratio of systolic over diastolic pressure

62
Q

What does blood pressure increase at?

A

systole

63
Q

What can high blood pressure do?

A

weaken vessels, blow out capillaries in eye and cause blindness

64
Q

What does blood leave the heart through?

A

arteries

65
Q

What are the finest, microscopic branches of the arterial tree?

A

arterioles

66
Q

What does blood from arterioles enter?

A

capillaries, act as a transition point between arteries and veins

67
Q

What is blood collected into after capillaries?

A

venules

68
Q

What larger vessels do venules lead to?

A

veins

69
Q

What carries blood back to the heart?

A

veins

70
Q

What blood vessel has the thinnest wall thickness?

A

capillaries, one cell thik

71
Q

What tissue layers are arteries and veins composed of?

A
  • endothelium
  • elastic fibers
  • smooth muscle
  • connective tissue
72
Q

What is the endothelium?

A

innermost layer of veins/arteries, has contact with the blood

73
Q

What is the purpose of elastic fibers in veins/arteries?

A

connective tissue, stretch and allow blood vessel diameter to dilate or contract

74
Q

What is the purpose of smooth muscle in veins/arteries?

A

cause expansion/contraction of blood vessel

75
Q

What is connective tissue in veins/arteries?

A

outermost layer

76
Q

What are capillaries composed of?

A

a single layer of endothelial cells (simple squamous)

77
Q

What is the function of capillaries being a single layer of cells?

A

allows rapid exchange of gases and metabolites between blood and body cells

78
Q

What is spread throughout the layers of veins/arteries?

A

nerve cells

79
Q

What do veins in the lower extremities have?

A

valves

80
Q

What is the purpose of valves in lower extremity veins?

A

prevent backflow of blood, and prevent blood from settling down in lower extremities

81
Q

What are the 3 types of cappilaries?

A
  • capillary
  • fenestrated capillary
  • sinusoid
82
Q

How do red blood cells move through capillaries?

A

only large enough for red blood cells to move through one at a time

83
Q

What is a fenestrated capillary?

A

has little holes, allows ? move at faster rate

84
Q

What is a sinusoid?

A

larger holes in capillary, allows faster diffusion to take place

85
Q

Where are sinusoids found? Why?

A

in brain because brain has high demand for oxygen

86
Q

What is the contraction of the smooth muscle layer in arteries/arterioles called?

A

vasoconstriction

87
Q

What is the purpose of vasoconstriction?

A

increase resistance and decrease blood flow, can redirect blood if damage somewhere in body

88
Q

What can chronic vasoconstriction lead to?

A

hypertension

89
Q

What is hypertension?

A

high blood pressure, leads to backpressure and possible heart damage

90
Q

What is relaxation of the smooth muscle layer in arteries/arterioles?

A

vasodilation

91
Q

What is the purpose of vasodilation?

A

decrease resistance and increase blood flow to organs; can be important for homeostasis such as temperature regulation (flushed cheeks)

92
Q

How does smooth muscle compare in veins/venules to arteries?

A

thinner

93
Q

What helps veins/venules return blood to the heart?

A

skeletal muscle contractions and one-way venous valves

Principles of Zoology (20 decks)

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