Digestive Systems (Part 1)

Question 1

What kind of diet can heterotrophs have?

Answer 1

• herbivores
• carnivores
• omnivores

Question 2

Do sponges have a digestive system?

Answer 2

no

Question 3

How do sponges do digestion?

Answer 3

intracellular digestion via endocytosis

Question 4

How do all non-sponges do digestion?

Answer 4

extracellularly, in a digestive cavity

Question 5

Do Cnidarians (and some flatworms) have a digestive system?

Answer 5

incomplete digestive tract and gastrovascular cavity

Question 6

What is a complete digestive tract?

Answer 6

separate mouth and anus connected by a continuous digestive tube

Question 7

What kind of digestive system do nematodes have?

Answer 7

complete, tube within a tube

Question 8

What kind of digestive system do vertebrates have?

Answer 8

complete, beyond a simple tube

Question 9

What locates food in vertebrate digestive systems?

Answer 9

sensory organs

Question 10

What makes up the oral cavity?

Answer 10

mouth and pharynx

Question 11

What is the function of the oral cavity?

Answer 11

entry, mechanical and initial chemical digestion

Question 12

Are teeth always present in an oral cavity?

Answer 12

may or may not be present

Question 13

What makes up the tubular gastrointestinal tract?

Answer 13

• esophagus
• stomach
• small intestine
• large intestine
• cloaca or rectum

Question 14

Function of esophagus?

Answer 14

delivers food to stomach

Question 15

Function of stomach?

Answer 15

mechanical, chemical, minor amount of absorption

Question 16

Function of small intestine?

Answer 16

chemical digestion, absorption

Question 17

Function of large intestine?

Answer 17

concentration of wastes

Question 18

Function of cloaca or rectum?

Answer 18

waste storage

Question 19

What is the function of teeth?

Answer 19

chewing/mastication

Question 20

What does tooth shape match?

Answer 20

diet

Question 21

Do birds have teeth?

Answer 21

no

Question 22

How do birds do mastication?

Answer 22

gizzard using ingested pebbles (break up seeds)

Question 23

What do some birds do with prey?

Answer 23

consume prey whole

Question 24

What is the function of the crop?

Answer 24

storage, NO digestion

Question 25

What is the esophagus?

Answer 25

a muscular tube that connects mouth to stomach

Question 26

How do esophagus know to move food down?

Answer 26

presence of food bolus stimulates movement towards stomach, peristalsis

Question 27

What does peristalsis mean?

Answer 27

muscles move food down

Question 28

Does digestion or absorption occur in the esophagus?

Answer 28

no

Question 29

What is the esophagus lined with?

Answer 29

muscle tissue

Question 30

What kind of muscle makes up the esophagus?

Answer 30

1st part (1/3) is skeletal and 2/3 is smooth

Question 31

Can food bolus be removed from skeletal muscle part of esophagus?

Answer 31

yes, we can control it

Question 32

Can food bolus be removed from smooth muscles part of esophagus?

Answer 32

no, not unless vomit or forcibly removed

Question 33

What prevents food from leaving the stomach and reentering the esophagus?

Answer 33

sphincter at esophageal-gastric

Question 34

What kind of surface does the stomach have?

Answer 34

convoluted, folds

Question 35

How many chambers does the stomach have?

Answer 35

varies by species

Question 36

Why is the stomach surface folded?

Answer 36

greater surface area for digestion; also so it can stretch and increase volume

Question 37

What are gastric juices made of?

Answer 37

2 kinds of secretory cells

Question 38

What are the 2 kinds of secretory cells?

Answer 38

parietal and chief

Question 39

What do parietal cells secrete?

Answer 39

HCl and intrinsic factor

Question 40

What is the function of intrinsic factor?

Answer 40

vitamin B12 absorption

Question 41

What is the function of chief cells?

Answer 41

secrete pepsinogen

Question 42

What is pepsinogen?

Answer 42

inactive form of pepsin

Question 43

What is the stomach?

Answer 43

a mixing chamber

Question 44

What is not significantly digested in the stomach?

Answer 44

carbohydrates and fats

Question 45

What does the stomach produce?

Answer 45

chime

Question 46

What is chime?

Answer 46

slurry of partially digested food

Question 47

How many sphincters does the stomach have?

Answer 47

2

Question 48

What pH does the stomach have?

Answer 48

low

Question 49

Why does the stomach have a low pH?

Answer 49

denature food proteins

Question 50

What sphincters does the stomach have?

Answer 50

- esophageal | - pyloric

Question 51

What are the parts of the small intestine?

Answer 51

- duodenum - jejunum - ileum

Question 52

What happens in the small intestine?

Answer 52

chemical digestion (final) and absorption

Question 53

What type of cells are in the small intestine?

Answer 53

mucosal cells

Question 54

what do mucosal cells have?

Answer 54

villi, microvilli

Question 55

What is the significance of mucosal cells having villi?

Answer 55

increase surface area

Question 56

What is the function of the duodenum?

Answer 56

final chemical digestion

Question 57

What is the function of the jejunum?

Answer 57

majority of absorption of nutrients

Question 58

What is the function of the ileum?

Answer 58

picks up what didn't get absorbed

Question 59

What is the largest internal organ in humans?

Answer 59

liver

Question 60

What does the liver produce?

Answer 60

bile

Question 61

What are the types of bile?

Answer 61

bile products and bile salts

Question 62

What are bile pigments?

Answer 62

waste products

Question 63

What are bile salts for?

Answer 63

emulsification of fats

Question 64

What does the live receive?

Answer 64

products of digestion (the first to recieve)

Question 65

What does the liver detoxify?

Answer 65

metabolites

Question 66

What is the function of the gallbladder?

Answer 66

stores and concentrates bile

Question 67

When does the gallbladder secrete bile?

Answer 67

when food present in duodenum

Question 68

What is the gallbladder connected to?

Answer 68

liver by the bile duct

Question 69

Do all animals have a gallbladder?

Answer 69

no

Question 70

What animals do not have a gallbladder?

Answer 70

- horses - deer - rats - some birds - lampreys - laminoids - all invertebrates

Question 71

What types of functions does the pancreas have?

Answer 71

both endocrine and exocrine

Question 72

What does endocrine involve?

Answer 72

hormones

Question 73

What does exocrine involve?

Answer 73

digestive

Question 74

What does the pancreas produce?

Answer 74

digestive enzymes

Question 75

What does the pancreas secrete?

Answer 75

bicarbonate

Question 76

What digestive enzymes does the pancreas produce?

Answer 76

trypsin, chymotrypsin, pancreatic amylase, and lipase

Question 77

What does lipase do?

Answer 77

break down lipids

Question 78

What does pancreatic amylase do?

Answer 78

digest carbohydrates

Question 79

What does trypsin do?

Answer 79

digests proteins

Question 80

Do all vertebrates have a pancreas?

Answer 80

yes

Question 81

What is the pancreas connected to?

Answer 81

pancreatic duct to duodenum

Question 82

What are the parts of the large intestine or colon?

Answer 82

ascending (up), transverse (across), descending (down), sigmoid

Question 83

What is the function of the large intesine?

Answer 83

4% absorption of water, remaining electrolytes, and vitamin K; mainly concentration of waste

Question 84

Where are the cecum and appendix?

Answer 84

at junction of ileum-colon

Question 85

What are at the terminus of the digestive tract?

Answer 85

rectum and anus, (and cloaca in most)

Question 86

What is the function of the rectum?

Answer 86

waste storage until defecation

Question 87

What is the function of the anus?

Answer 87

exit point with inner voluntary sphincter and outer voluntary sphincter

Question 88

Do most mammals have a rectum?

Answer 88

yes

Question 89

What mammals do not have a rectum?

Answer 89

monotreme: echidna and platypus

Question 90

Most ______ have what common cavity?

Answer 90

vertebrates; cloaca

Question 91

What is the function of the cloaca?

Answer 91

single opening for digestive, urinary, reproductive products

Question 92

Does digestion happen in the large intestine?

Answer 92

no