Respiratory Systems (Part 3)

Question 1

What is ventilation?

Answer 1

breathing in air

Question 2

What is the goal of ventilation?

Answer 2

• get air to the respiratory membranes

- must inflate the lungs

Question 3

What are the two types of ventilation?

Answer 3

• positive pressure ventilation

- negative pressure ventilation

Question 4

What is positve pressure ventilation?

Answer 4

push air to lungs

Question 5

What is negative pressure ventilation?

Answer 5

pulling air to lungs

Question 6

What type of ventilation do frogs use?

Answer 6

positive pressure breathing

Question 7

How developed are frog lungs?

Answer 7

poorly developed

Question 8

What is another way frogs do respiration since they ahve poorly developed lungs?

Answer 8

cutaneous respiration especially when submerged

Question 9

What is frog body wall musculature like?

Answer 9

they have little body wall musculature

-very small ribs

Question 10

Describe how frogs push air into lungs?

Answer 10

air pushed into lungs by action of floor of mouth and throat

Question 11

What helps air flow back out in frogs?

Answer 11

elastic characteristics of lung tissue

Question 12

How is positive pressure ventilation used in medical situations?

Answer 12

• during anesthesia or decreased brain stimulation (respiration is suppressed)
• when there is paralysis of breathing muscles
• when lung tissue injured or loses elasticity

Question 13

What kind of ventilation do mammals, birds, and reptiles use?

Answer 13

negative pressure breathing

Question 14

What happens to the rib cage during negative pressure breathing?

Answer 14

expansion of rib cage

Question 15

Why does rib cage expand?

Answer 15

increase volume of body cavity housing the lungs which decreases pressure

Question 16

How does air flow (in lungs, negative pressure breathing)?

Answer 16

from where there is greater pressure to where there is lower

Question 17

What law describes air flow?

Answer 17

Boyle’s Law

Question 18

What happens to lungs when air is pulled into them?

Answer 18

lungs inflate

Question 19

What are the parts of the respiratory cycle?

Answer 19

• inhalation

- exhalation

Question 20

What is inhalation also called?

Answer 20

inspiration

Question 21

What is inhalation?

Answer 21

thoracic volume increases

Question 22

For inhalation to occur, what is contracted?

Answer 22

external intercostal muscles and diaphragm (mammals only)

Question 23

What does inhalation produce?

Answer 23

negative pressure which draws air into the lungs

Question 24

What is exhalation also called?

Answer 24

expiration

Question 25

What is exhalation?

Answer 25

thoracic volume devreases

Question 26

What is relaxed in order for exhalation to occur?

Answer 26

intercostals and diaphragm (mammals only)

Question 27

What happens to lungs after exhalation?

Answer 27

return to a less inflated state

Question 28

What does exhalation do to air?

Answer 28

causes air to flow out

Question 29

What does the diaphragm do?

Answer 29

separates the coelomic cavity into thoracic and abdominal cavities

Question 30

How does respiration in birds occur?

Answer 30

in two cycles

Question 31

What is the first cycle of bird respiration?

Answer 31

- first inhalation and exhalation - inhaled air moves from trachea into posterior air sacs - exhaled into the lungs

Question 32

What is the second cycle of bird respiration?

Answer 32

- second inhalation and exhalation - air moves from the lungs into anterior air sacs - exhaled through the traches

Question 33

Does air mix in bird respiration?

Answer 33

no mixing of "old" and "new" air

Question 34

When is respiration more or less efficient at higher altitudes?

Answer 34

more

Question 35

What does each hemoglobin have?

Answer 35

4 heme subunits

Question 36

What does each heme have at its center?

Answer 36

an Fe (iron)

Question 37

What can each Fe (iron) do?

Answer 37

reversibly bind to one oxygen molecule

Question 38

Is oxygen binding to RBC reversable?

Answer 38

yes it reversibly binds

Question 39

Gases can ____ and _____ between the lungs and circulatory system.

Answer 39

dissolve; diffuse

Question 40

What occurs between alveoli and capillaries?

Answer 40

gas exchange

Question 41

What does oxygen diffuse into?

Answer 41

red blood cells

Question 42

What does carbon dioxide diffuse into?

Answer 42

alveolus

Question 43

What determines how much oxygen the hemoglobin will carry?

Answer 43

its affinity for oxygen

Question 44

What is hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen determined by?

Answer 44

- PO2, where the blood happens to be - lungs vs tissues - carbon dioxide level - blood pH - body temperature

Question 45

What happens if your blood pH drops?

Answer 45

oxygen is given up/released by hemoglobin more

Question 46

What factors shift the curve to the right? (oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation)

Answer 46

- decrease in pH - increase in temperature - increase in PCO2

Question 47

What is the Bohr effect?

Answer 47

describes hemoglobin's lower affinity for oxygen secondary to increases in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide and/or decreased blood pH