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Principles of Zoology > Respiratory Systems (Part 3) > Flashcards

Respiratory Systems (Part 3) Flashcards

1
Q

What is ventilation?

A

breathing in air

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2
Q

What is the goal of ventilation?

A
  • get air to the respiratory membranes

- must inflate the lungs

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3
Q

What are the two types of ventilation?

A
  • positive pressure ventilation

- negative pressure ventilation

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4
Q

What is positve pressure ventilation?

A

push air to lungs

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5
Q

What is negative pressure ventilation?

A

pulling air to lungs

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6
Q

What type of ventilation do frogs use?

A

positive pressure breathing

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7
Q

How developed are frog lungs?

A

poorly developed

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8
Q

What is another way frogs do respiration since they ahve poorly developed lungs?

A

cutaneous respiration especially when submerged

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9
Q

What is frog body wall musculature like?

A

they have little body wall musculature

-very small ribs

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10
Q

Describe how frogs push air into lungs?

A

air pushed into lungs by action of floor of mouth and throat

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11
Q

What helps air flow back out in frogs?

A

elastic characteristics of lung tissue

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12
Q

How is positive pressure ventilation used in medical situations?

A
  • during anesthesia or decreased brain stimulation (respiration is suppressed)
  • when there is paralysis of breathing muscles
  • when lung tissue injured or loses elasticity
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13
Q

What kind of ventilation do mammals, birds, and reptiles use?

A

negative pressure breathing

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14
Q

What happens to the rib cage during negative pressure breathing?

A

expansion of rib cage

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15
Q

Why does rib cage expand?

A

increase volume of body cavity housing the lungs which decreases pressure

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16
Q

How does air flow (in lungs, negative pressure breathing)?

A

from where there is greater pressure to where there is lower

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17
Q

What law describes air flow?

A

Boyle’s Law

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18
Q

What happens to lungs when air is pulled into them?

A

lungs inflate

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19
Q

What are the parts of the respiratory cycle?

A
  • inhalation

- exhalation

20
Q

What is inhalation also called?

A

inspiration

21
Q

What is inhalation?

A

thoracic volume increases

22
Q

For inhalation to occur, what is contracted?

A

external intercostal muscles and diaphragm (mammals only)

23
Q

What does inhalation produce?

A

negative pressure which draws air into the lungs

24
Q

What is exhalation also called?

A

expiration

25
Q

What is exhalation?

A

thoracic volume devreases

26
Q

What is relaxed in order for exhalation to occur?

A

intercostals and diaphragm (mammals only)

27
Q

What happens to lungs after exhalation?

A

return to a less inflated state

28
Q

What does exhalation do to air?

A

causes air to flow out

29
Q

What does the diaphragm do?

A

separates the coelomic cavity into thoracic and abdominal cavities

30
Q

How does respiration in birds occur?

A

in two cycles

31
Q

What is the first cycle of bird respiration?

A
  • first inhalation and exhalation
  • inhaled air moves from trachea into posterior air sacs
  • exhaled into the lungs
32
Q

What is the second cycle of bird respiration?

A
  • second inhalation and exhalation
  • air moves from the lungs into anterior air sacs
  • exhaled through the traches
33
Q

Does air mix in bird respiration?

A

no mixing of “old” and “new” air

34
Q

When is respiration more or less efficient at higher altitudes?

A

more

35
Q

What does each hemoglobin have?

A

4 heme subunits

36
Q

What does each heme have at its center?

A

an Fe (iron)

37
Q

What can each Fe (iron) do?

A

reversibly bind to one oxygen molecule

38
Q

Is oxygen binding to RBC reversable?

A

yes it reversibly binds

39
Q

Gases can ____ and _____ between the lungs and circulatory system.

A

dissolve; diffuse

40
Q

What occurs between alveoli and capillaries?

A

gas exchange

41
Q

What does oxygen diffuse into?

A

red blood cells

42
Q

What does carbon dioxide diffuse into?

A

alveolus

43
Q

What determines how much oxygen the hemoglobin will carry?

A

its affinity for oxygen

44
Q

What is hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen determined by?

A
  • PO2, where the blood happens to be
  • lungs vs tissues
  • carbon dioxide level
  • blood pH
  • body temperature
45
Q

What happens if your blood pH drops?

A

oxygen is given up/released by hemoglobin more

46
Q

What factors shift the curve to the right? (oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation)

A
  • decrease in pH
  • increase in temperature
  • increase in PCO2
47
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

describes hemoglobin’s lower affinity for oxygen secondary to increases in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide and/or decreased blood pH

Principles of Zoology (20 decks)

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