Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Principles of Zoology > Nervous System (Part 1) > Flashcards

Nervous System (Part 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the parts of a neuron?

A
  • cell body
  • axon
  • dendrites
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the function of axon?

A

transmits information away from the cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the function of dendrites?

A

transmits information to the cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is nervous tissue low in?

A

cellularity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the function of glial cells?

A

support neurons and remove metabolic waste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the central nervous system made of?

A

brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two types of nervous systems?

A

central and peripheral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What pathways make up the peripheral nervous system?

A

sensory and motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the two stimuli that sensory neurons register?

A

internal and external

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are examples of internal stimuli?

A

changes in blood pH, levels of hydration, temperature, pressure, volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are examples of external stimuli?

A

pain, vision, pressure touching ground

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the function of the peripheral nervous system?

A

carry sensory information to brain and spinal cord to see if they need to do anything

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What makes up the motor pathways?

A

somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

voluntary movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

involuntary processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What makes up the autonomic nervous system?

A

sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system?

A

“fight or flight,” you have to take action immediately to survive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

“rest and repose,” things you need to survive but not in a life or death situation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is breathing mostly controlled by?

A

autonomic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the function of sensory receptors?

A

detect stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the function of motor effectors?

A

respond to stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are components of the nervous system?

A
  • receptors
  • sensory neurons
  • neurons inside the brain/spinal cord
  • motor neurons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What kind of receptors are there?

A

internal and external

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do sensory neurons connect to?

A

connect to receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What do motor neurons do?

A

send info to effector organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are interneurons?

A

neurons between the sensory neurons and motor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How is action stimulated? (steps)

A
  • sensory neurons axon send info to dendrites of interneuron

- axon of interneuron sends signal to dendrites of motor neurons and stimulate action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What 3 types of neurons do vertebrates have?

A
  • intra
  • sensory
  • motor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What do sensory neurons do?

A

send signals to interneurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What do interneurons do?

A

take info and integrate it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What do motor neurons do?

A

take info from central nervous system and send to motor receptors/effector organs and do something about it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Where are motor neurons?

A

PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Where are sensory neurons?

A

PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

where are interneurons?

A

CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are myelin sheaths?

A

lipid based material that coats axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the function of myelin sheaths?

A

to protect the signal so electrical signal doesn’t change because of location

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Are all axon myelinated?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are myelin sheaths like in the central nervous system?

A
  • myelinated axons form white matter

- dendrites/cell bodies form gray matter (and unmyelinated axons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are myelin sheaths like in the peripheral nervous system?

A

-myelinated axons bundled to form nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What exists across every cell’s plasma membrane?

A

a potential difference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is electricity?

A

a potential difference exists across every cell’s plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Where is the negative pole for the potential difference across cell’s plasma membrane?

A

cytoplasmic side, inside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Where is the positive pole for the potential difference across cell’s plasma membrane?

A

extracellular side, outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is the potential difference across every cell’s plasma membrane created by?

A

movement of ions across membrane (through diffusion or protein channels)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are ions?

A

charged molecule (positive or negative)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is electricity caused by?

A

the flow of electrons from one pole to the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Why is the inside of the cell more negatively charged than the outside?

A
  • sodium-potassium pump

- Ion leakage channels

48
Q

What does the sodium-potassium pump do?

A

brings 2 K+ into cell for every 3 Na+ it pumps out

49
Q

What do the Ion leakage channels do?

A

allow more K+ to diffuse out than Na+ to diffuse in

50
Q

What do non-stimulated neurons do?

A

maintains a resting potential

51
Q

What is resting potential? (number)

A

average about -70 mV

52
Q

What does the sodium-potassium pump have?

A

binding sites specific for K and Na

53
Q

What does the sodium-potassium pump require?

A

energy, it is active transport

54
Q

What are the steps of Sodium-Potassium pump?

A
  • carrier in membrane binds intracellular sodium
  • ATP phosphorylates protein with bound sodium
  • Phosphorylation causes conformational change in protein, reducing affinity for NA+. The Na+ diffuses out
  • this conformation has higher affinity for K+. Extracellular potassium binds to exposed sites
  • binding of potassium causes dephosphorylation of protein
  • dephosphorylation of protein triggers change back to original conformation, with low affinity for K+. K+ diffuses into the cell and cycle repeats
55
Q

What are the steps of Sodium-Potassium pump?

A
  • carrier in membrane binds intracellular sodium
  • ATP phosphorylates protein with bound sodium
  • Phosphorylation causes conformational change in protein, reducing affinity for NA+. The Na+ diffuses out
  • this conformation has higher affinity for K+. Extracellular potassium binds to exposed sites
  • binding of potassium causes dephosphorylation of protein
  • dephosphorylation of protein triggers change back to original conformation, with low affinity for K+. K+ diffuses into the cell and cycle repeats
56
Q

What brings K+ ions back into the cell?

A

attractive force

57
Q

What leads to the resting potential?

A

balance between diffusional and electrical forces

58
Q

Describe nerve impulse transmission? (slide 12)

A

when the cell is being stimulated, the -10 mV becomes more positive (when measuring it). Changes in membrane permeability contributes to this.

59
Q

What changes when the neuron is excited?

A

the potential across the axon membrane

60
Q

What is depolarization?

A

moves away from resting potential

61
Q

What is repolarization?

A

moves back toward resting potential

62
Q

What does the amount of voltage charge depend on?

A

if transmitting info

63
Q

What do action potentials result from?

A

when depolarization reaches a threshold potential

64
Q

What are action potentials produced by?

A

voltage gated ion channels

65
Q

What is threshold potential?

A

target number of voltage

66
Q

What is action potential?

A

change in voltage but depolarization (?) must meet a threshold in order for information to get transmitted

67
Q

What channels are used for voltage-gates ion channels?

A

Voltage-gates Na+ and Voltage-gates K+ channels

68
Q

Are voltage-gated ion channels the same as sodium-potassium pump?

A

no

69
Q

What happens when the threshold voltage is reached?

A

sodium channels open rapidly

70
Q

What does an influx of Na+ cause?

A

the membrane to depolarize

71
Q

What happens after the sodium channels open?

A

potassium channel opens slowly

72
Q

What does the efflux of K+ do?

A

repolarize the membrane

73
Q

label diagram

A

LOOK AT NOTES

74
Q

Describe nerve impulse transmission as in the diagram (what are the 4 phases?)

A
  • resting phase
  • rising phase
  • top of curve
  • falling phase
75
Q

What happens during the resting phase of nerve impulse transmission?

A

equilibrium between diffusion of K+ out of cell and voltage pulling K+ into cell

76
Q

What happens during the rising phase of nerve impulse transmission?

A

stimulus causes above threshold voltage

-sodium channel activation gate opens

77
Q

What happens during top of curse of nerve impulse transmission?

A

maximum voltage reaches

  • Na+ channel inactivation gate closes
  • Potassium gate opens
78
Q

What happens during falling phase of nerve impulse transmission?

A

undershoot occurs as excess potassium diffuses out before potassium channel closes

  • Na+ channel inactivation gate closed
  • Potassium gate opens
79
Q

What happens after the falling phase of nerve impulse transmission?

A

equilibrium restored

-sodium channel activation gate closes and inactivation gate opens

80
Q

What are the three phases of action potential?

A

rising, falling, undershoot

81
Q

Action potentials are always _______ events with _______ amplitude.

A

all-or-nothing; same

82
Q

What is intensity of a stimulus by?

A

the frequency, not the amplitude

83
Q

What is nerve impulse transmission considered?

A

positive feedback loop

84
Q

How far does action potential travel?

A

the length of the axon

85
Q

What does the influx of Na+ do for action potential? (slide 19)

A

depolarizes the adjacent region to threshold, the next region produces its own action potential and the previous region repolarizes back to resting potential

86
Q

What are synapses?

A

intercellular junctions

87
Q

What does the presynaptic cell do?

A

transmits action potential

88
Q

What does the postsynaptic cell do?

A

receives the action potential

89
Q

What are the two types of synapses?

A

electrical and chemical

90
Q

What do electrical synapses involve?

A

direct cytoplasmic connections between the two cells formed by gap junctions

91
Q

Are electrical synapses common?

A

rare in vertebrates

92
Q

What do chemical synapses have?

A

a synaptic cleft between the two cells

93
Q

What does the end of presynaptic cell contain (for chemical?)?

A

synaptic vesicles

94
Q

What do synaptic vesicles contain?

A

neurotransmitters

95
Q

What is a synaptic cleft?

A

a physical space

96
Q

What does action potential trigger an influx of?

A

Ca^2+

97
Q

What happens to synaptic vesicles after an influx of Ca^2+?

A

fuse with cell membrane

98
Q

What happens to neurotransmitter after an influx of Ca^2+?

A

released by exocytosis

99
Q

What happens after neurotransmitter released by exocytosis?

A

diffuses to other side of cleft and binds to chemical- or ligand-gated receptor proteins

100
Q

What is the neurotransmitter action terminated by?

A

enzymatic cleavage or cellular uptake

101
Q

Why are receptors degraded by enzymes or reuptaked?

A

cuz can’t remain attached entire time

102
Q

What is one of the most common neurotransmitters?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

103
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction?

A

the synapse between a nerve and muscle

104
Q

What does Acetylcholine bind to?

A

ligand-gated receptor in the postsynaptic membrane

105
Q

What does Acetylcholind produce?

A

a depolarization called an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

106
Q

What does an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) stimulate?

A

muscle contractions

107
Q

What does Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) do?

A

degrade acetylcholine

108
Q

What does the degradation of acetylcholine cause?

A

muscle relaxation

109
Q

What is acetylcholinesterase common in?

A

vertebrates and invertebrates

110
Q

What does acetylcholinesterase do in vertebrates?

A

stop muscle contractions (muscle relaxation)

111
Q

What does acetylcholinesterase do in insects?

A

causes insects muscle to contract (this is put in insecticide)

112
Q

What are other neurotransmitters?

A
  • amino acids
  • biogenic amines
  • neuropeptides
113
Q

What is the only major phylum without nerves?

A

sponges

114
Q

What has the simplest nervous system?

A

Cnidarians

115
Q

What is the nervous system like in Cnidarians?

A

neurons linked to each other in a nerve net, no associative activity

116
Q

What are the simplest animals with associative activity?

A

free-living flatworms (phylum Platyhelminthes)

117
Q

What phyla do not exhibit cephalization outside of ones already mentioned?

A

echinoderms

Principles of Zoology (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions