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Principles of Zoology > Introduction to Evolutionary Theory > Flashcards

Introduction to Evolutionary Theory Flashcards

1
Q

What is population?

A

the number of organisms of a species that live in a particular area

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2
Q

What is a species?

A

individuals of the same kind that can reproduce and produce viable offspring

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3
Q

What is a hybrid?

A

offspring of two different but closely related species that are usually infertile

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4
Q

What makes up the majority of species?

A

arthropods

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5
Q

What is evolution?

A

change through time, going from one species to another

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of evolution?

A
  1. species accumulate differences
  2. Descendants differ from their ancestors
  3. New species arise from existing ones
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7
Q

______ don’t evolve…_______ evolve

A

individual organisms don’t evolve…populations evolve

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8
Q

Why don’t individual organisms evolve?

A

the variation has to become prevalent in the population such that the differences became prevalent when they can’t interbreed with other species

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9
Q

What is the greatest evolutionary driver?

A

natural selection

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10
Q

What is inherent among members of a population?

A

variation

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11
Q

How does natural selection occur?

A
  • individuals in a population have specific inherited traits
  • certain individuals produce more surviving offspring than others
  • eventually the population has more individuals with these specific traits
  • the population evolves and is better adapted to its present environment
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12
Q

How does the ever changing environment affect species?

A

because it changes, it does not guarantee the species will survive forever

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13
Q

What opportunities arise when a species goes extinct?

A

for new species to evolve (radiation)

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14
Q

What was Darwin’s theory on how giraffes evolved? Was it correct?

A

some individuals were born with a longer neck mutation, because they had less competition from grazers they survived and passed on the trait for multiple generations (correct)

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15
Q

What is ultimately the source of evolutionary change?

A

mutations, but it takes a very long time

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16
Q

What was Jean Baptise Lamarck’s theory on how giraffes evolved? What it correct?

A

giraffes lengthened their necks by stretching to reach tree leaves and passed the trait onto offspring (false)

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17
Q

What are the two forms of evolution?

A

divergent and convergent

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18
Q

What is divergent evolution?

A

become less alike

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19
Q

What is an example of divergent evolution?

A

flowering plants evolved from a common ancestor yet look extremely different

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20
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

become more alike

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21
Q

What is an example of convergent evolution?

A

many water animals have a streamlined shape which allows them to move through the dense water easier, yet evolved from different ancestors (dolphin, shark, barracuda)

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22
Q

What influences species to converge in evolution?

A

environment

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23
Q

What are the two types of stucturies?

A

homologous and analogous

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24
Q

What are homologous structures?

A

come from common ancestral form, somewhat similar in form but have different function

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25
Q

What are examples of homologous structures?

A

human, dog, bird, and whale “hand” bones

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26
Q

What are analogous structures?

A

come from different evolutionary origin (only distantly related), have different form and similar function

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27
Q

What are examples of analogous structures?

A

wings

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28
Q

What are vestigial structures?

A

structures that exist in organisms that seem to have to function and seem to be residual parts of a common ancestor

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29
Q

What are examples of vestigial structures?

A

wings on kiwi, hind leg bone leg in whales

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30
Q

What is speciation?

A

the formation of two species from one original species

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31
Q

Is speciation guaranteed? Why or why not?

A

no; another population could out compete the path of speciation of a population, changes to environment could occur

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32
Q

What has to happen in order for speciation to occur?

A

different phenotypes (beneficial variation) have to accumulate in order to evolve

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33
Q

What signifies speciation has been successful?

A

individuals of the two new populations must be unable or unlikely to interbreed

34
Q

What is a characteristic of hybrids?

A

sterile in most vertebrae animals, not so much in plants

35
Q

What is gene flow?

A

The exchange of genetic material among populations or within a population; it maintains the genetics of the species as they all have the same gene pool

36
Q

What does gene flow require?

A

some interaction between individuals

37
Q

What can gene flow act as?

A

a barrier to speciation

38
Q

What results as long as there is gene flow?

A

populations will tend to remain similar to each other

39
Q

Explain gene flow through example

A

female coyotes will frequently leave packs and go to another pack to avoid inbreeding

40
Q

What is incipient speciation?

A

geographic separation of populations from a parent species; the populations are so far apart that they can’t breed together and can’t maintain genetics

41
Q

What are types of incipient speciation?

A

subsequent evolution and dispersal

42
Q

What is adaptive radiation?

A

many adaptations evolve from a single point of origin; thus, causing the species to radiate into
several new ones

43
Q

What is allopatric speciation?

A

speciation that results from separation because the populations became geographically isolated

44
Q

What is sympatric speciation?

A

occurs within a population with no geographic separation; speciation within a parent species remaining in one location

45
Q

How can sympatric speciation occur?

A

changes in chromosome number

46
Q

What causes changes in chromosome number?

A

nondisjunction

47
Q

In what ways can chromosome number be changed?

A

aneuploidy, polyploidy

48
Q

What is aneuploidy?

A

different number of chromosomes than normal, either more or less

49
Q

What is polyploidy?

A

has extra set of chromosomes, occurs in plants mainly

50
Q

What is autopolyploidy?

A

a polyploid individual with 2 or more complete sets of chromosomes from its own species

51
Q

What does autopolyploidy result from?

A

no cytokinesis

52
Q

How does allopolyploidy occur?

A

gametes from two separate species combine

53
Q

What is a allopolyploid?

A

viable offspring of two different species

54
Q

What was Darwin’s view on the rate of evolution?

A

slow and step by step

55
Q

What are the two ides of the rate of evolution? which is true?

A

gradual speciation and punctuated equilibrium; both

56
Q

What is gradual speciation?

A

slow and steady pace as traits change incrementally (in stages)

57
Q

What is punctuated equilibrium?

A

species diverge quickly and then remain unchanged for long periods of time

58
Q

What is hybrid zone?

A

area where two species overlap

59
Q

What happens in a hybrid zone?

A

two related species may recombines when interactions between them is possible

60
Q

What 3 scenarios can occur in a hybrid zone?

A

reinforcement, fusion, and stability

61
Q

What is reinforcement change in hybrid zone?

A

hybrids are less fit than either purebred species, so both species continue to diverge until interbreeding/hybridization can no longer occur

62
Q

What is fusion change in hybrid zone?

A

reproductive barriers weaken until the two species become one

63
Q

What is stability change in hybrid zone?

A

fit hybrids continue to be produces as well as the original two species continue existing

64
Q

What are the types of reproductive isolating mechanisms?

A

pre-zygotic and post-zygotic

65
Q

What does pre-zygotic mean?

A

prevent formation of zygote

66
Q

What does post-zygotic mean?

A

after mating has occurred and you have a zygote

67
Q

What is a zygote?

A

fertilized egg, first cell that is now diploid

68
Q

What are the types of pre-zygotic isolating barriers?

A

temporal, behavioral, ecological (habitat isolation), physical, and gamete incompatability

69
Q

What is temporal isolating barrier?

A

breeding schedules differ for both

70
Q

What is behavioral isolating barrier?

A

have differing behaviors, like bird song or mating rituals

71
Q

What is ecological (habitat isolation) isolating barrier?

A

physical separation, usually having to do with how they feed

72
Q

What is physical isolating barrier?

A

sexual organs cannot work together, or something physically prevents mating

73
Q

What is gamete incompatability?

A

egg contains not only genes but proteins, the proteins marks on a cell will only recognize sperm of a specific species

74
Q

What type of separation are two crickets who live in a desert biome and one who lives in a grass biome?

A

ecological

75
Q

What type of separation represents how 4 damsel fly species have different reproductive organs?

A

physical

76
Q

What type of separation is how a bee can only fit one flower and cannot fit the flower the hummingbird drinks from?

A

physical

77
Q

What type of separation is how there are thin and thick lipped chicilids?

A

behavioral

78
Q

What are the types of post-zygotic barriers?

A

hybrid inviability

79
Q

What is hybrid inviability?

A

fertilization occurs but embryo fails to develop or embryo successfully develops but the resulting individual is sterile

80
Q

What is an example of hybrid inviability?

A

mules (63 chromosomes) from donkeys (62) and horses (64)

Principles of Zoology (20 decks)

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