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Theriogenology > Swine Pregnancy, Parturition and Infertility > Flashcards

Swine Pregnancy, Parturition and Infertility Flashcards

1
Q

What is the gestation length of pigs?

A

114 +/- 2 days

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2
Q

What type of placenta do pigs have?

A

Epitheliochorial Diffuse

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3
Q

When does the embryo enter the uterus?

A

48-60 hours

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4
Q

When does maternal recognition of pregnancy usually occur?

A

11-12 days

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5
Q

There is intrauterine migration until what days?

A

13-14 days

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6
Q

When does embryo attachment usually occur?

A

14-18 days

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7
Q

Implantation of the embryo usually is completed by what day?

A

Day 40

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8
Q

A minimum of how many embryos is needed by what day in order to maintain the pregnancy?

A
  • 4 embryos

- Day 11

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9
Q

Embryonic loss before what day is high?

What is the percentage?

A
  • Prior to day 25

- 40%

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10
Q

If a sow is not bred, she will return to estrus in what time frame?

A

17-24 days after breeding

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11
Q

Many false positives can occur with what method of pregnancy diagnosis?

A

Detection of estrus (return to service)

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12
Q

How are PGF2a concentrations used to diagnose pregnancy?

What time frame is this evaluated?

A
  • Less than 200 pg/mL

- Between 13 and 15 days after mating

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13
Q

A progesterone level greater than what might indicate pregnancy?
During what time frame is this evaluated?

A
  • Greater than 5 ng/mL

- Between 17-24 days

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14
Q

Progesterone levels can give false positives due to what?

A

Due to delayed estrus or cystic ovarian disease.

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15
Q

Estrone sulphate greater than what level can indicate pregnancy?
During what time frame is this evaluated?

A
  • Greater than 0.5 ng/mL

- Days 25-30 gestation

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16
Q

When do early pregnancy Factor B levels peak?

A

24-48 hours after fertilization

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17
Q

What test is used to detect early pregnancy Factor B levels?

A

Rosette Inhibition Test

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18
Q

What are 5 methods of physical pregnancy detection in pigs?

A
  • Radiography
  • Rectal palpation
  • Laparoscopy
  • Vaginal biopsy
  • US
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19
Q

What are 3 options for US use in pigs?

A
  • Doppler US
  • Amplitude Depth US (A-mode or Pulse echo)
  • Real Time US
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20
Q

When can skeletal mineralization be detected via US?

A

By Day 35

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21
Q

When are fetuses immunocompetent by?

A

Day 70-75

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22
Q

A fetal crown-rump length of 1.8-2.8 cm is indicative of what fetal age?

A

30 days

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23
Q

A fetal crown-rump length of 12-14 cm is indicative of what fetal age?

A

60 days

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24
Q

A fetal crown-rump length of 20-23 cm is indicative of what fetal age?

A

90 days

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25
Q

A fetal crown-rump length of 26-29 cm indicative of what fetal age?

A

114 days

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26
Q

What are 3 clinical signs that sows can show as they are nearing parturition?

A
  • Become restless
  • Nest building
  • Frequent urination/defecation
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27
Q

What is the normal total duration for farrowing?

A

1 to 5 hours

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28
Q

Duration of more that how many minutes between piglets means trouble?

A

More than 15 minutes

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29
Q

T/F: Piglets can only be successfully delivered in cranial presentation.

A

False: Piglets can be delivered in either cranial or caudal presentation.

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30
Q

What are 5 benefits to induced parturition in pigs?

A
  • Farrowing during working hours
  • Induction of entire room to ensure all-in/all-out management
  • Cross-fostering piglets between litters
  • Piglet size will be more uniform for nursery
  • Overall improved labor efficiency, piglet survival and facility utilization
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31
Q

When are prostaglandins given to induce parturition in pigs?
Which 2 are used?

A
  • Administer day 112-113 of gestation

- Lutalyse and Estimate (closprostanol)

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32
Q

How soon after prostaglandins are administered will farrowing occur?

A

Farrowing will happen in 18-36 hours

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33
Q

Are corticosteroids recommended for use with induction of parturition in pigs?
Why?

A
  • No

- Too much lag and poor piglet survival if given too early

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34
Q

What is the most common cause of dystocia in pigs?

A

Uterine inertia

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35
Q

What are 3 steps to diagnosing a dystocia in a pig?

A
  • Obtain good history and examine female
  • Clean vulva and perform vaginal exam (use lubrication)
  • Determine cause of dystocia
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36
Q

What are 3 possible medical therapies that can be utilized for dystocia in pigs?

A
  • Manual extraction fo piglets after manipulation
  • Oxytocin 20-30 IU IM every 30 minutes
  • Calcium
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37
Q

When should Oxytocin NOT be used as a medical therapy for dystocia in pigs?

A

DO NOT use if there is an OBSTRUCTION!

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38
Q

What type of an incision pattern is used for a cesarean section in pigs?

A
  • Vertical incision in left flank.

- Horizontal incision parallel to underline.

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39
Q

T/F: With a cesarean section in pigs, it will likely be necessary to incise both uterine horns.

A

True

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40
Q

When performing a cesarean section in pigs, be sure you reach what structures in order to ensure that you have all piglets?

A

Both ovaries

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41
Q

What type of suture pattern should be used to close the uterus after a cesarean section in pigs?

A

Inverting pattern

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42
Q

What are 5 possible complications that can be seen during parturition in pigs?

A
  • Prepartum vaginal prolapse
  • Uterine prolapse
  • Bladder prolapse
  • Vulvar hematomas/tears
  • Vaginal discharge/metritis
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43
Q

How can a prepartum vaginal prolapse be repaired in pigs?

What is the likelihood of reoccurrence?

A
  • Repair with a suture after placing back in

- Most likely will recur

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44
Q

What type of a prognosis does a uterine prolapse have?

A

Grave

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45
Q

When can uterine prolapse occur in pigs?

A

Postpartum or intrapartum

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46
Q

What needs to happen if the uterus is necrotic or torn with a uterine prolapse?

A

Amputation

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47
Q

What should be done for a vulvar hematoma/tear?

A

Monitor and treat for infections.

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48
Q

Don’t confuse what for vaginal discharge/metritis?

A

Normal loch 1-5 days postpartum

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49
Q

Vaginal discharge/metritis can be seen with what complex?

A

Mastitis-Metritis-Agalactia complex

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50
Q

Supervised farrowing can decrease mortality by what rate?

A

5-10%

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51
Q

Cross-fostering needs to take place within what time frame?

A

24-48 hours postpartum

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52
Q

When should females be vaccinated?

A

Vaccinate females pre-farrowing

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53
Q

How should pregnant females be fed?

A

According to BCS

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54
Q

What should be done to gilts that savage their piglets?

A

Cull the gilts

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55
Q

Generally how many embryos suffer early embryonic death (EED) prior to implantation?

A

2-2.5 embryos

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56
Q

Resorption of the embryo can happen during what time frame?

A

Day 0-35

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57
Q

Mummification can happen during what time frame?

A

35-114 days

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58
Q

If the entire litter is mummified, what can happen?

A

Pregnancy can progress to pseudopregnancy greater than 114 days.

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59
Q

Full-term piglets that are born dead but are grossly normal are called what?

A

Stillbirths

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60
Q

Stillbirths can die when?

A

May die shortly before, during or immediately after birth.

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61
Q

What is extremely important when diagnosing infertility?

A

Complete history and physical exam

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62
Q

What are 3 factors to be considered when trying to determine the cause of infertility?

A
  • Determine time frame of infertility
  • Non-infectious causes
  • Infectious causes
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63
Q

Can fever cause abortion in pigs?

A

Yes

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64
Q

What are 2 of the most common examples of non-infectious causes of infertility in pigs?

A
  • Hydrosalpinx

- Cystic ovarian disease

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65
Q

What is the most common cause of infertility in pigs?

A

Hydrosalpinx

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66
Q

Hydrosalpinx can be seen secondary to what conditions?

A

Bursitis or peritonitis that result in adhesions.

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67
Q

What is the second most common cause of infertility in pigs?

A

Cystic ovarian disease

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68
Q

Is it more common to see one or multiple cysts with cystic ovarian disease?

A

Multiple cysts

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69
Q

What percentage of infertile sows have cystic ovarian disease?

A

20-50%

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70
Q

Do sows with cystic ovarian disease respond to hormone therapy?

A

No

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71
Q

What is a possible etiology of cystic ovarian disease?

A

Can be caused by estrus induction agents.

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72
Q

What are 3 other possible causes of non-infectious causes of infertility in pigs?

A
  • Anatomical or congenital abnormalities
  • Environmental causes
  • Nutritional causes
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73
Q

What are 4 examples of anatomical or congenital abnormalities can can lead to infertility?

A
  • Segmental aplasia
  • Uterus unicornum
  • Missing cervix
  • Hermaphrodites
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74
Q

What is an example of an environmental cause of non-infectious infertility?

A

High ambient temperature

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75
Q

What are 3 possible causes of infertility through direct disruption of spermatogenesis via localization within the parenchyma in the boar?

A
  • Brucella
  • Chlamydia
  • Rubulavirus
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76
Q

What can cause indirect disrupt of spermatogenesis leading to infertility?

A

Fever

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77
Q

What are 5 infectious agents that can be shed in semen and cause disease in females?

A
  • Classic swine fever
  • Leptospira
  • Pseudorabies virus
  • Parvovirus
  • PRRS virus
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78
Q

What are 3 bacterial causes of infertility in sows?

A
  • Leptospira
  • Brucella
  • Erysipelas
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79
Q

What are 4 viral causes of infertility in sows?

A
  • PRRS virus
  • Parvovirus
  • Pseudorabies virus
  • Classic swine fever
80
Q

What are 2 means by which bacteria are pathogenic concerning pigs?

A
  • Introduced into the reproductive tract during breeding or parturition
  • Resulting septicemia can cause loss of a pregnancy and subsequent reproductive problems
81
Q

What is the most common infectious cause of pregnancy loss in pigs?

A

Leptospirosis

82
Q

Is Leptospirosis zoonotic?

83
Q

What is the most common Leptospirosis serovar seen in pigs?

84
Q

How does Leptospira get into the pig?

How is it introduced?

A
  • Penetrate mucous membranes

- Brought in by carrier animals

85
Q

Leptospirosis usually causes what in sows?

A

Mummified and macerated fetuses

86
Q

How long does immunity last in pigs for leptospirosis?

A

1 year following abortion

87
Q

When should pigs be vaccinated for leptospirosis?

A

At least every 6 months

88
Q

The vaccine for leptospirosis is often combined with a vaccine for what virus?

A

Parvovirus

89
Q

What can be added to the feed of pigs the try and reduce the shedding of leptospira?
Does this eliminate the carrier state?

A
  • Antibiotics (tetracycline)

- No

90
Q

What is a bacteria that can cause infertility in pigs that is reportable?

A

Brucella suis

91
Q

Brucella suis can cause what 3 conditions in sows?

A
  • Abortions
  • Stillbirths
  • Infertility
92
Q

Brucella suis can cause what condition in boars?

93
Q

Is Brucella suis primarily introduced by the boar or sow?

How long can it be carried for?

A
  • Boar

- Greater than 4 years

94
Q

What are 2 possible routes of infection for Brucella suis?

A
  • At coitus

- Ingestion of infected material

95
Q

Sows that are infected with Brucella suis between what days will abort between what days?

A
  • Infected between days 30-40

- Abort between days 65-80

96
Q

Who can shed large numbers of Brucella suis?

97
Q

Brucella suis can cause granulomatous lesions in what 6 parts of the pig?

A
  • Uterus
  • Ovaries
  • Testes
  • ASG
  • Liver
  • Kidney
98
Q

Can durable immunity be seen after an infection of Brucella suis?

99
Q

What are 2 other species Brucella suis can be spread by?

A
  • Rabbits

- Rodents

100
Q

Where should cases of Brucella suis be reported to?

A

Federal government

101
Q

T/F: Brucella suis is mostly eradicated from the US.

102
Q

What is the method of choice for control of Brucella suis?

A

Test and slaughter

103
Q

Many pigs carry Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae where in their body?
Are clinical signs common with this?

A
  • Tonsils

- No

104
Q

How can Erysipelothrix gain access to the pig?

A

Contaminated feed and water

105
Q

In acute cases of Erysipelothrix, the organism can enter the circulation via what structure and infect blood vessels?

106
Q

The clinical course of an Erysipelothrix infection depends on what?

107
Q

What is a condition that can be seen in little pigs with an Erysipelothrix infection?

108
Q

What are 2 clinical signs that can be seen in gilts with an Erysipelothrix infection?

A
  • Fever

- Skin lesions

109
Q

Abortion can be seen secondary to what 2 conditions with an Erysipelothrix infection?

A
  • Fever

- Septicemia

110
Q

Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS) is caused by what type of virus?

A

Arterivirus

111
Q

What percentage sow mortality can be seen with PRRS?

112
Q

How can PRRS be transmitted by boars?

113
Q

What are 2 routes of contact that can be seen with PRRS in pigs?

A
  • Direct pig-to-pig contact

- Aerosols

114
Q

What are the 2 distinguishable forms of PRRS?

A
  • Reproductive failure

- Post-Weaning respiratory disease

115
Q

Which form of PRRS is seen in sows?

A

Reproductive failure

116
Q

Which form of PRRS is seen in piglets?

A

Post-weaning respiratory disease

117
Q

What are 4 types of reproductive failure that can be seen in sows with PRRS?

A
  • Premature farrowings
  • Stillbirths/mummies
  • Weak neonates
  • Increased abortion
118
Q

What are 2 clinical signs that can be seen with post-weaning respiratory disease caused by PRRS?

A
  • Decreased average daily gain

- Increased mortality

119
Q

What are 2 methods of diagnosis for PRRS?

A
  • Virus isolation from aborted fetuses

- Herd serology

120
Q

What are 3 ways to deal with PRRS?

A
  • Symptomatic therapy
  • Isolation and acclimatization
  • Vaccination with MLV or Killed product
121
Q

What virus has been less diagnosed as the identification of the PRRS virus has increased?

A

Encephalomyocarditis virus

122
Q

What are 3 clinical signs seen with encephalomyocarditis virus?

A
  • Reproductive failure
  • Encephalitis
  • Myocarditis
123
Q

Mortality with encephalomyocarditis virus decreases with what?

A

Decreases as age at time of exposure increases.

124
Q

How is encephalomyocarditis virus transmitted?

What can be carriers?

A
  • Oral transmission

- Rodents can be carriers

125
Q

What are 2 clinical signs that can be seen in sows with encephalomyocarditis?

A
  • Anorexia

- Fever

126
Q

Encephalomyocarditis virus can cause reproductive problems when?

A

Last 2-3 months in the herd.

127
Q

What are 3 ways to diagnose encephalomyocarditis virus?

A
  • Lesions (myocarditis)
  • Virus isolation
  • Paired serology
128
Q

What are 2 ways to prevent or treat encephalomyocarditis virus?

A
  • Rodent control

- Clean premises

129
Q

Porcine parvovirus can cause what?

130
Q

What does SMEDI stand for?

A

Stillbirths, mummies, embryonic death and infertility

131
Q

Porcine parvovirus can cause embryonic and fetal death but no what?

A

No maternal signs

132
Q

What might be seen with females that have porcine parvovirus?

A

Females may nest and get mammary development, but fails to farrow.

133
Q

What are 2 routes of infection for porcine parvovirus?

A
  • Oral

- Venereal

134
Q

What can be seen with duration of gestation in pigs with porcine parvovirus?

A

Litters may be carried for more than 114 days.

135
Q

What type of female is porcine parvovirus more common in?

A

Naive replacement gilts

136
Q

What is the classical presentation of porcine parvovirus in sows?

A

Sows infected do not normally show signs until farrowing and then have small litter sizes and increased number of mummies

137
Q

What are 4 aspects of diagnosing porcine parvovirus?

A
  • Lesions on aborted fetus
  • Look at vaccination program
  • Clinical signs of increased irregular returns to estrus and increased mummies
  • Serology
138
Q

What are 3 aspects of prevention and treatment for porcine parvovirus?

A
  • Proper acclimatization of replacement gilts
  • Regular vaccination of breeding herd
  • No treatment except for supportive care for the aborting sows or gilts
139
Q

What are considered to be the “original” SMEDI viruses?

A

Porcine enteroviruses

140
Q

Are porcine enteroviruses generally a major problem in swine herds?

141
Q

Is there cross-protection between the 11 serovars of porcine enteroviruses?

142
Q

How are porcine enteroviruses transmitted?

A

Fecal-oral route of transmission

143
Q

Clinical signs seen with porcine enteroviruses depend on what?

A

Time of infection

144
Q

How are porcine enteroviruses diagnosed?

A

Gross and histological lesions

145
Q

What type of diagnosis has minimal value with porcine enteroviruses?

A

Serological profiling

146
Q

What is the main form of prevention and treatment for porcine enteroviruses?

A

Expose naive replacement gilts to cull animals of the herd prior to introduction to the main herd.

147
Q

What type of virus is Aujesky’s?

What is another name for it?

A
  • Herpes virus

- Pseudorabies

148
Q

What are 3 things that can be caused by pseudorabies/Aujesky’s?

A
  • Encephalitis
  • Reproductive failure
  • Reduced litter size
149
Q

How can pseudorabies/Aujesky’s be transmitted by boars?

150
Q

What are 3 ways pseudorabies/Aujesky’s can be passed among pigs?

A
  • Nose-to-nose contact
  • Fecal oral
  • Aerosol
151
Q

What type of clinical signs are seen with piglets less than 7 days of age?

152
Q

What type of clinical signs are seen with pigs weaning age and older for pseudorabies/Aujesky’s?

A

Respiratory signs

153
Q

What are 3 clinical signs that can be seen with pigs of all ages with pseudorabies/Aujesky’s?

A
  • Fever
  • Anorexia
  • Weight loss
154
Q

What are 3 reproductive signs that can be seen with pseudorabies/Aujesky’s?

A
  • Resorption
  • Abortion
  • Increased mummies and stillbirths
155
Q

What are 3 methods of diagnosis for pseudorabies/Aujesky’s?

A
  • Gross histological lesions
  • Virus isolation
  • Serology
156
Q

What is the main method of prevention and treatment for pseudorabies/Aujesky’s?

A

Eradication

157
Q

What are 3 methods of eradication that can be used with pseudorabies/Aujesky’s?

A
  • Whole herd depopulation
  • Test and remove all breeding swine
  • Segregate offspring to an off-site production unit
158
Q

Is vaccination normal used with pseudorabies/Aujesky’s?

A

G1 gene-deleted product is available but very expensive so not used much.

159
Q

Classical swine fever is also known as what?

A

Hog cholera

160
Q

Is hog cholera/classical swine fever reportable?

161
Q

Can hog cholera be seen in the US?

A

Was eradicated in the 1970s

162
Q

The pig is the only natural host for what disease?

A

Hog cholera/classical swine fever

163
Q

What are 6 clinical signs seen with hog cholera/classical swine fever?

A
  • Anorexia
  • Cyanosis
  • Fever
  • Diarrhea
  • Vomiting
  • Abortions
164
Q

Can hog cholera/classical swine fever be transmitted by semen?

165
Q

How can hog cholera/classical swine fever be differentiated form other viral infections?

A

Fluorescent antibody test

166
Q

1% of all abortions seen in pigs are caused by what virus?

A

Adenoviruses

167
Q

What type of viruses can be seen with concurrent respiratory and enteric disease?

A

Adenoviruses

168
Q

What is the control/treatment method for adenoviruses?

169
Q

What is another type of virus that can be found in semen and for which there is no control or treatment method available?

A

Reoviruses

170
Q

What can be seen with decreased calcium levels in sows?

A

Difficulty farrowing

171
Q

If iodine levels are off, this can increase the incidence of what occurring?

A

Stillbirths

172
Q

If selenium levels are off, this can lead to what 2 conditions?

A
  • MMA

- Primary uterine inertia

173
Q

Iron deficiency in pigs can lead to what 2 conditions?

A
  • Piglet anemia

- Stillbirths

174
Q

If protein levels are off in a pig, this can lead to what 2 conditions?

A
  • Low in lactation diet

- Increase in weaning to estrus interval

175
Q

If feed an feed that is too low in energy, this can lead to what 2 conditions?

A
  • Low in lactation diet

- Increase in weaning to estrus interval

176
Q

A diet too high in energy can lead to what in relation to the litter?

A

Decreased litter size

177
Q

What is the toxin produced by Fusarium roseum?

A

Zearalenone

178
Q

What can zearalenone cause?

A

Implantation failure

179
Q

Zearalenone can cause females to exhibit what 3 types of signs?

A
  • Signs of estrus
  • Mammary development
  • Vaginal discharge
180
Q

An enlarged vulva with delayed maturity can be seen with what?

A

Zearalenone toxicity

181
Q

What toxin can cause prepubertal males to have reduced testicular development and feminization?

A

Zearalenone

182
Q

What is a moldy feed toxin that can be toxic to embryos and fetuses?

A

Trichotecene toxin

183
Q

What is a moldy feed toxin that can be an indirect cause of abortion?

184
Q

What is a moldy feed toxin that can cause severe reduction in cardiac output in sows?

185
Q

What is a moldy feed toxin that can cause decreased O2 delivery through the placenta?

186
Q

What is a moldy feed toxin that can cause poor piglet growth?

187
Q

What level of carbon monoxide is considered toxic?

188
Q

What can high levels of carbon monoxide cause in pigs?

A

Late-term abortions

189
Q

What is a clinical sign seen with carbon monoxide toxicity?

What is the specific cause?

A
  • Cherry red tissues

- Carboxyhemoglobin

190
Q

What is an agent that can cause individual abortion and still births in pigs, but cats act as reservoirs?

A

Toxoplasma

191
Q

What is an agent that can cause “silent” estrus or anestrus, abortion, weak/anemic piglets that can be transmitted by lice or mites?

A

Eperythrozoonosis

192
Q

What can be used to treat the whole herd for eperythrozoonosis?
What does not remove the carriers?

A
  • Arsenics

- Tetracyclines

193
Q

What can tetracyclines cause in pigs?

A

Bone and tooth malformations

194
Q

what are 4 drugs that can cause CNS depression in pigs?

A
  • Acepromazine
  • Ketamine
  • Telazol
  • Thiobarbituates
195
Q

What can cause masculinization of female fetuses and congenital malformations?

A

Anabolic steroids

196
Q

What can decrease birth weights and cause congenital malformations?

A

Glucocorticoids

Theriogenology (37 decks)

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