Swine Pregnancy, Parturition and Infertility Flashcards
1
Q
What is the gestation length of pigs?
A
114 +/- 2 days
2
Q
What type of placenta do pigs have?
A
Epitheliochorial Diffuse
3
Q
When does the embryo enter the uterus?
A
48-60 hours
4
Q
When does maternal recognition of pregnancy usually occur?
A
11-12 days
5
Q
There is intrauterine migration until what days?
A
13-14 days
6
Q
When does embryo attachment usually occur?
A
14-18 days
7
Q
Implantation of the embryo usually is completed by what day?
A
Day 40
8
Q
A minimum of how many embryos is needed by what day in order to maintain the pregnancy?
A
- 4 embryos
- Day 11
9
Q
Embryonic loss before what day is high?
What is the percentage?
A
- Prior to day 25
- 40%
10
Q
If a sow is not bred, she will return to estrus in what time frame?
A
17-24 days after breeding
11
Q
Many false positives can occur with what method of pregnancy diagnosis?
A
Detection of estrus (return to service)
12
Q
How are PGF2a concentrations used to diagnose pregnancy?
What time frame is this evaluated?
A
- Less than 200 pg/mL
- Between 13 and 15 days after mating
13
Q
A progesterone level greater than what might indicate pregnancy?
During what time frame is this evaluated?
A
- Greater than 5 ng/mL
- Between 17-24 days
14
Q
Progesterone levels can give false positives due to what?
A
Due to delayed estrus or cystic ovarian disease.
15
Q
Estrone sulphate greater than what level can indicate pregnancy?
During what time frame is this evaluated?
A
- Greater than 0.5 ng/mL
- Days 25-30 gestation
16
Q
When do early pregnancy Factor B levels peak?
A
24-48 hours after fertilization
17
Q
What test is used to detect early pregnancy Factor B levels?
A
Rosette Inhibition Test
18
Q
What are 5 methods of physical pregnancy detection in pigs?
A
- Radiography
- Rectal palpation
- Laparoscopy
- Vaginal biopsy
- US
19
Q
What are 3 options for US use in pigs?
A
- Doppler US
- Amplitude Depth US (A-mode or Pulse echo)
- Real Time US
20
Q
When can skeletal mineralization be detected via US?
A
By Day 35
21
Q
When are fetuses immunocompetent by?
A
Day 70-75
22
Q
A fetal crown-rump length of 1.8-2.8 cm is indicative of what fetal age?
A
30 days
23
Q
A fetal crown-rump length of 12-14 cm is indicative of what fetal age?
A
60 days
24
Q
A fetal crown-rump length of 20-23 cm is indicative of what fetal age?
A
90 days
25
A fetal crown-rump length of 26-29 cm indicative of what fetal age?
114 days
26
What are 3 clinical signs that sows can show as they are nearing parturition?
- Become restless
- Nest building
- Frequent urination/defecation
27
What is the normal total duration for farrowing?
1 to 5 hours
28
Duration of more that how many minutes between piglets means trouble?
More than 15 minutes
29
T/F: Piglets can only be successfully delivered in cranial presentation.
False: Piglets can be delivered in either cranial or caudal presentation.
30
What are 5 benefits to induced parturition in pigs?
- Farrowing during working hours
- Induction of entire room to ensure all-in/all-out management
- Cross-fostering piglets between litters
- Piglet size will be more uniform for nursery
- Overall improved labor efficiency, piglet survival and facility utilization
31
When are prostaglandins given to induce parturition in pigs?
Which 2 are used?
- Administer day 112-113 of gestation
| - Lutalyse and Estimate (closprostanol)
32
How soon after prostaglandins are administered will farrowing occur?
Farrowing will happen in 18-36 hours
33
Are corticosteroids recommended for use with induction of parturition in pigs?
Why?
- No
| - Too much lag and poor piglet survival if given too early
34
What is the most common cause of dystocia in pigs?
Uterine inertia
35
What are 3 steps to diagnosing a dystocia in a pig?
- Obtain good history and examine female
- Clean vulva and perform vaginal exam (use lubrication)
- Determine cause of dystocia
36
What are 3 possible medical therapies that can be utilized for dystocia in pigs?
- Manual extraction fo piglets after manipulation
- Oxytocin 20-30 IU IM every 30 minutes
- Calcium
37
When should Oxytocin NOT be used as a medical therapy for dystocia in pigs?
DO NOT use if there is an OBSTRUCTION!
38
What type of an incision pattern is used for a cesarean section in pigs?
- Vertical incision in left flank.
| - Horizontal incision parallel to underline.
39
T/F: With a cesarean section in pigs, it will likely be necessary to incise both uterine horns.
True
40
When performing a cesarean section in pigs, be sure you reach what structures in order to ensure that you have all piglets?
Both ovaries
41
What type of suture pattern should be used to close the uterus after a cesarean section in pigs?
Inverting pattern
42
What are 5 possible complications that can be seen during parturition in pigs?
- Prepartum vaginal prolapse
- Uterine prolapse
- Bladder prolapse
- Vulvar hematomas/tears
- Vaginal discharge/metritis
43
How can a prepartum vaginal prolapse be repaired in pigs?
| What is the likelihood of reoccurrence?
- Repair with a suture after placing back in
| - Most likely will recur
44
What type of a prognosis does a uterine prolapse have?
Grave
45
When can uterine prolapse occur in pigs?
Postpartum or intrapartum
46
What needs to happen if the uterus is necrotic or torn with a uterine prolapse?
Amputation
47
What should be done for a vulvar hematoma/tear?
Monitor and treat for infections.
48
Don't confuse what for vaginal discharge/metritis?
Normal loch 1-5 days postpartum
49
Vaginal discharge/metritis can be seen with what complex?
Mastitis-Metritis-Agalactia complex
50
Supervised farrowing can decrease mortality by what rate?
5-10%
51
Cross-fostering needs to take place within what time frame?
24-48 hours postpartum
52
When should females be vaccinated?
Vaccinate females pre-farrowing
53
How should pregnant females be fed?
According to BCS
54
What should be done to gilts that savage their piglets?
Cull the gilts
55
Generally how many embryos suffer early embryonic death (EED) prior to implantation?
2-2.5 embryos
56
Resorption of the embryo can happen during what time frame?
Day 0-35
57
Mummification can happen during what time frame?
35-114 days
58
If the entire litter is mummified, what can happen?
Pregnancy can progress to pseudopregnancy greater than 114 days.
59
Full-term piglets that are born dead but are grossly normal are called what?
Stillbirths
60
Stillbirths can die when?
May die shortly before, during or immediately after birth.
61
What is extremely important when diagnosing infertility?
Complete history and physical exam
62
What are 3 factors to be considered when trying to determine the cause of infertility?
- Determine time frame of infertility
- Non-infectious causes
- Infectious causes
63
Can fever cause abortion in pigs?
Yes
64
What are 2 of the most common examples of non-infectious causes of infertility in pigs?
- Hydrosalpinx
| - Cystic ovarian disease
65
What is the most common cause of infertility in pigs?
Hydrosalpinx
66
Hydrosalpinx can be seen secondary to what conditions?
Bursitis or peritonitis that result in adhesions.
67
What is the second most common cause of infertility in pigs?
Cystic ovarian disease
68
Is it more common to see one or multiple cysts with cystic ovarian disease?
Multiple cysts
69
What percentage of infertile sows have cystic ovarian disease?
20-50%
70
Do sows with cystic ovarian disease respond to hormone therapy?
No
71
What is a possible etiology of cystic ovarian disease?
Can be caused by estrus induction agents.
72
What are 3 other possible causes of non-infectious causes of infertility in pigs?
- Anatomical or congenital abnormalities
- Environmental causes
- Nutritional causes
73
What are 4 examples of anatomical or congenital abnormalities can can lead to infertility?
- Segmental aplasia
- Uterus unicornum
- Missing cervix
- Hermaphrodites
74
What is an example of an environmental cause of non-infectious infertility?
High ambient temperature
75
What are 3 possible causes of infertility through direct disruption of spermatogenesis via localization within the parenchyma in the boar?
- Brucella
- Chlamydia
- Rubulavirus
76
What can cause indirect disrupt of spermatogenesis leading to infertility?
Fever
77
What are 5 infectious agents that can be shed in semen and cause disease in females?
- Classic swine fever
- Leptospira
- Pseudorabies virus
- Parvovirus
- PRRS virus
78
What are 3 bacterial causes of infertility in sows?
- Leptospira
- Brucella
- Erysipelas
79
What are 4 viral causes of infertility in sows?
- PRRS virus
- Parvovirus
- Pseudorabies virus
- Classic swine fever
80
What are 2 means by which bacteria are pathogenic concerning pigs?
- Introduced into the reproductive tract during breeding or parturition
- Resulting septicemia can cause loss of a pregnancy and subsequent reproductive problems
81
What is the most common infectious cause of pregnancy loss in pigs?
Leptospirosis
82
Is Leptospirosis zoonotic?
Yes
83
What is the most common Leptospirosis serovar seen in pigs?
L. pomona
84
How does Leptospira get into the pig?
| How is it introduced?
- Penetrate mucous membranes
| - Brought in by carrier animals
85
Leptospirosis usually causes what in sows?
Mummified and macerated fetuses
86
How long does immunity last in pigs for leptospirosis?
1 year following abortion
87
When should pigs be vaccinated for leptospirosis?
At least every 6 months
88
The vaccine for leptospirosis is often combined with a vaccine for what virus?
Parvovirus
89
What can be added to the feed of pigs the try and reduce the shedding of leptospira?
Does this eliminate the carrier state?
- Antibiotics (tetracycline)
| - No
90
What is a bacteria that can cause infertility in pigs that is reportable?
Brucella suis
91
Brucella suis can cause what 3 conditions in sows?
- Abortions
- Stillbirths
- Infertility
92
Brucella suis can cause what condition in boars?
Orchitis
93
Is Brucella suis primarily introduced by the boar or sow?
| How long can it be carried for?
- Boar
| - Greater than 4 years
94
What are 2 possible routes of infection for Brucella suis?
- At coitus
| - Ingestion of infected material
95
Sows that are infected with Brucella suis between what days will abort between what days?
- Infected between days 30-40
| - Abort between days 65-80
96
Who can shed large numbers of Brucella suis?
Sows
97
Brucella suis can cause granulomatous lesions in what 6 parts of the pig?
- Uterus
- Ovaries
- Testes
- ASG
- Liver
- Kidney
98
Can durable immunity be seen after an infection of Brucella suis?
No
99
What are 2 other species Brucella suis can be spread by?
- Rabbits
| - Rodents
100
Where should cases of Brucella suis be reported to?
Federal government
101
T/F: Brucella suis is mostly eradicated from the US.
True
102
What is the method of choice for control of Brucella suis?
Test and slaughter
103
Many pigs carry Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae where in their body?
Are clinical signs common with this?
- Tonsils
| - No
104
How can Erysipelothrix gain access to the pig?
Contaminated feed and water
105
In acute cases of Erysipelothrix, the organism can enter the circulation via what structure and infect blood vessels?
Pharynx
106
The clinical course of an Erysipelothrix infection depends on what?
Stress
107
What is a condition that can be seen in little pigs with an Erysipelothrix infection?
Arthritis
108
What are 2 clinical signs that can be seen in gilts with an Erysipelothrix infection?
- Fever
| - Skin lesions
109
Abortion can be seen secondary to what 2 conditions with an Erysipelothrix infection?
- Fever
| - Septicemia
110
Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS) is caused by what type of virus?
Arterivirus
111
What percentage sow mortality can be seen with PRRS?
5-10%
112
How can PRRS be transmitted by boars?
Semen
113
What are 2 routes of contact that can be seen with PRRS in pigs?
- Direct pig-to-pig contact
| - Aerosols
114
What are the 2 distinguishable forms of PRRS?
- Reproductive failure
| - Post-Weaning respiratory disease
115
Which form of PRRS is seen in sows?
Reproductive failure
116
Which form of PRRS is seen in piglets?
Post-weaning respiratory disease
117
What are 4 types of reproductive failure that can be seen in sows with PRRS?
- Premature farrowings
- Stillbirths/mummies
- Weak neonates
- Increased abortion
118
What are 2 clinical signs that can be seen with post-weaning respiratory disease caused by PRRS?
- Decreased average daily gain
| - Increased mortality
119
What are 2 methods of diagnosis for PRRS?
- Virus isolation from aborted fetuses
| - Herd serology
120
What are 3 ways to deal with PRRS?
- Symptomatic therapy
- Isolation and acclimatization
- Vaccination with MLV or Killed product
121
What virus has been less diagnosed as the identification of the PRRS virus has increased?
Encephalomyocarditis virus
122
What are 3 clinical signs seen with encephalomyocarditis virus?
- Reproductive failure
- Encephalitis
- Myocarditis
123
Mortality with encephalomyocarditis virus decreases with what?
Decreases as age at time of exposure increases.
124
How is encephalomyocarditis virus transmitted?
| What can be carriers?
- Oral transmission
| - Rodents can be carriers
125
What are 2 clinical signs that can be seen in sows with encephalomyocarditis?
- Anorexia
| - Fever
126
Encephalomyocarditis virus can cause reproductive problems when?
Last 2-3 months in the herd.
127
What are 3 ways to diagnose encephalomyocarditis virus?
- Lesions (myocarditis)
- Virus isolation
- Paired serology
128
What are 2 ways to prevent or treat encephalomyocarditis virus?
- Rodent control
| - Clean premises
129
Porcine parvovirus can cause what?
SMEDI
130
What does SMEDI stand for?
Stillbirths, mummies, embryonic death and infertility
131
Porcine parvovirus can cause embryonic and fetal death but no what?
No maternal signs
132
What might be seen with females that have porcine parvovirus?
Females may nest and get mammary development, but fails to farrow.
133
What are 2 routes of infection for porcine parvovirus?
- Oral
| - Venereal
134
What can be seen with duration of gestation in pigs with porcine parvovirus?
Litters may be carried for more than 114 days.
135
What type of female is porcine parvovirus more common in?
Naive replacement gilts
136
What is the classical presentation of porcine parvovirus in sows?
Sows infected do not normally show signs until farrowing and then have small litter sizes and increased number of mummies
137
What are 4 aspects of diagnosing porcine parvovirus?
- Lesions on aborted fetus
- Look at vaccination program
- Clinical signs of increased irregular returns to estrus and increased mummies
- Serology
138
What are 3 aspects of prevention and treatment for porcine parvovirus?
- Proper acclimatization of replacement gilts
- Regular vaccination of breeding herd
- No treatment except for supportive care for the aborting sows or gilts
139
What are considered to be the "original" SMEDI viruses?
Porcine enteroviruses
140
Are porcine enteroviruses generally a major problem in swine herds?
No
141
Is there cross-protection between the 11 serovars of porcine enteroviruses?
No
142
How are porcine enteroviruses transmitted?
Fecal-oral route of transmission
143
Clinical signs seen with porcine enteroviruses depend on what?
Time of infection
144
How are porcine enteroviruses diagnosed?
Gross and histological lesions
145
What type of diagnosis has minimal value with porcine enteroviruses?
Serological profiling
146
What is the main form of prevention and treatment for porcine enteroviruses?
Expose naive replacement gilts to cull animals of the herd prior to introduction to the main herd.
147
What type of virus is Aujesky's?
| What is another name for it?
- Herpes virus
| - Pseudorabies
148
What are 3 things that can be caused by pseudorabies/Aujesky's?
- Encephalitis
- Reproductive failure
- Reduced litter size
149
How can pseudorabies/Aujesky's be transmitted by boars?
Semen
150
What are 3 ways pseudorabies/Aujesky's can be passed among pigs?
- Nose-to-nose contact
- Fecal oral
- Aerosol
151
What type of clinical signs are seen with piglets less than 7 days of age?
CNS signs
152
What type of clinical signs are seen with pigs weaning age and older for pseudorabies/Aujesky's?
Respiratory signs
153
What are 3 clinical signs that can be seen with pigs of all ages with pseudorabies/Aujesky's?
- Fever
- Anorexia
- Weight loss
154
What are 3 reproductive signs that can be seen with pseudorabies/Aujesky's?
- Resorption
- Abortion
- Increased mummies and stillbirths
155
What are 3 methods of diagnosis for pseudorabies/Aujesky's?
- Gross histological lesions
- Virus isolation
- Serology
156
What is the main method of prevention and treatment for pseudorabies/Aujesky's?
Eradication
157
What are 3 methods of eradication that can be used with pseudorabies/Aujesky's?
- Whole herd depopulation
- Test and remove all breeding swine
- Segregate offspring to an off-site production unit
158
Is vaccination normal used with pseudorabies/Aujesky's?
G1 gene-deleted product is available but very expensive so not used much.
159
Classical swine fever is also known as what?
Hog cholera
160
Is hog cholera/classical swine fever reportable?
Yes
161
Can hog cholera be seen in the US?
Was eradicated in the 1970s
162
The pig is the only natural host for what disease?
Hog cholera/classical swine fever
163
What are 6 clinical signs seen with hog cholera/classical swine fever?
- Anorexia
- Cyanosis
- Fever
- Diarrhea
- Vomiting
- Abortions
164
Can hog cholera/classical swine fever be transmitted by semen?
Yes
165
How can hog cholera/classical swine fever be differentiated form other viral infections?
Fluorescent antibody test
166
1% of all abortions seen in pigs are caused by what virus?
Adenoviruses
167
What type of viruses can be seen with concurrent respiratory and enteric disease?
Adenoviruses
168
What is the control/treatment method for adenoviruses?
None
169
What is another type of virus that can be found in semen and for which there is no control or treatment method available?
Reoviruses
170
What can be seen with decreased calcium levels in sows?
Difficulty farrowing
171
If iodine levels are off, this can increase the incidence of what occurring?
Stillbirths
172
If selenium levels are off, this can lead to what 2 conditions?
- MMA
| - Primary uterine inertia
173
Iron deficiency in pigs can lead to what 2 conditions?
- Piglet anemia
| - Stillbirths
174
If protein levels are off in a pig, this can lead to what 2 conditions?
- Low in lactation diet
| - Increase in weaning to estrus interval
175
If feed an feed that is too low in energy, this can lead to what 2 conditions?
- Low in lactation diet
| - Increase in weaning to estrus interval
176
A diet too high in energy can lead to what in relation to the litter?
Decreased litter size
177
What is the toxin produced by Fusarium roseum?
Zearalenone
178
What can zearalenone cause?
Implantation failure
179
Zearalenone can cause females to exhibit what 3 types of signs?
- Signs of estrus
- Mammary development
- Vaginal discharge
180
An enlarged vulva with delayed maturity can be seen with what?
Zearalenone toxicity
181
What toxin can cause prepubertal males to have reduced testicular development and feminization?
Zearalenone
182
What is a moldy feed toxin that can be toxic to embryos and fetuses?
Trichotecene toxin
183
What is a moldy feed toxin that can be an indirect cause of abortion?
Fumonison
184
What is a moldy feed toxin that can cause severe reduction in cardiac output in sows?
Fumonison
185
What is a moldy feed toxin that can cause decreased O2 delivery through the placenta?
Fumonison
186
What is a moldy feed toxin that can cause poor piglet growth?
Aflatoxin
187
What level of carbon monoxide is considered toxic?
220 ppm
188
What can high levels of carbon monoxide cause in pigs?
Late-term abortions
189
What is a clinical sign seen with carbon monoxide toxicity?
| What is the specific cause?
- Cherry red tissues
| - Carboxyhemoglobin
190
What is an agent that can cause individual abortion and still births in pigs, but cats act as reservoirs?
Toxoplasma
191
What is an agent that can cause "silent" estrus or anestrus, abortion, weak/anemic piglets that can be transmitted by lice or mites?
Eperythrozoonosis
192
What can be used to treat the whole herd for eperythrozoonosis?
What does not remove the carriers?
- Arsenics
| - Tetracyclines
193
What can tetracyclines cause in pigs?
Bone and tooth malformations
194
what are 4 drugs that can cause CNS depression in pigs?
- Acepromazine
- Ketamine
- Telazol
- Thiobarbituates
195
What can cause masculinization of female fetuses and congenital malformations?
Anabolic steroids
196
What can decrease birth weights and cause congenital malformations?
Glucocorticoids
