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Theriogenology > Breeding Soundness Examination of the Mare > Flashcards

Breeding Soundness Examination of the Mare Flashcards

1
Q

What are 2 conditions that a distinct vulvar shelf can lead to in a mare?

A
  • Pneumo-vagina

- Ascending infection

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2
Q

Where should the vulvar normally be located in the mare in relation to the pelvic bone?

A

1/3 above and 2/3 below the pelvic bone

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3
Q

If the vulva has more than what degree of tilt, then a caslick operation should be performed?

A

More than 15 degrees of tilt

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4
Q

What can be used to evaluate the position of the cervix in the vagina?

A

Vaginoscopy

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5
Q

What are 3 things vaginoscopy can be used to detect?

A
  • Postion of cervix in the vagina
  • Presence and nature of discharge
  • Vaginal lacerations
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6
Q

When during the estrous cycle is the most reliable time to examine the potency of the cervix?

A

Diestrus

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7
Q

What are 3 general forms of examination that can be used with the cervix?

A
  • Rectal exam
  • US exam
  • Digital exam
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8
Q

Which part of the reproductive tract in the mare is formed by abundant collagenous tissue, smooth muscle fibers and a few tubular glands?

A

Cervix

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9
Q

Which organ in the mare is the most sensitive to hormonal influence?

A

Cervix

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10
Q

During what part of the estrous cycle is the cervix relaxed?

Closed?

A
  • Estrus

- Diestrus

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11
Q

What happens to the cervix in maiden mares over 8-10 years of age that have not delivered a foal?

A

Cervix will start to loose its functional integrity.

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12
Q

The best way to test the potency of the cervix is:

a) Digital examination during diestrus
b) Vaginoscopy (speculum)
c) Rectal examination
d) US exam
e) Digital examination during estrus

A

a) Digital examination during diestrus

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13
Q

What are 3 possible pathologies that can be seen with the cervix?

A
  • Fails to relax/open during estrus
  • Fails to close during diestrus
  • Adhesions
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14
Q

If you seen a “cartwheel pattern” on US when examining the uterus, it means the mare is in what phase of the estrous cycle?
What is causing this pattern?

A
  • Estrus

- Endometrial folds

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15
Q

T/F: The pattern of uterine edema during estrus is a good breeding management tool.

A

True

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16
Q

When mares ovulate, should there be a very low or very high degree of uterine edema present?

A

Very low

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17
Q

What are 5 examples of when a uterine culture can be used as a routine diagnostic technique?

A
  • Mares pre-breeding
  • Screening mares pre-breeding
  • Post-treatment
  • Mares with poor reproductive histories
  • Mares with signs of endometritis
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18
Q

What are 3 possibles signs of endometritis in a mare?

A
  • Uterine fluid
  • Excessive uterine edema
  • Uterine edema with no follicular activity
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19
Q

When are 3 times a uterine culture can be performed?

A
  • During estrus
  • Diestrus when fluid is present
  • Good uterine edema/fluid
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20
Q

When should cytology be down with a uterine culture?

A

Always

21
Q

How long should a uterine swab be rolled the uterus to maximize contact?

A

30 seconds

22
Q

What should be done with the uterine swab before removing it from the reproductive tract?

A

Pull swab back into sheath to avoid touching the vagina on the way out.

23
Q

Which diagnostic technique system allows the outer sheath to remain in the mare while the swab is taken out and the brush is inserted?

A

Brush cytology

24
Q

When should slides be fixed for cytology?

Why?

A
  • As soon as possible

- Prevents cellular degeneration that may occur with time.

25
Q

Endometrial cells that have cilia are also called what?

A

Medusa cells

26
Q

If what is found in a uterine cytology of a mare, it carries a bad prognosis?

A

Yeast

27
Q

T/F: The presence of significant cytological inflammation is necessary for uterine contamination to be present.

A

False - Don’t need significant cytological inflammation for uterine contamination to be present.

28
Q

T/F: You do not need to have both a positive cytology and culture to have reduced pregnancy levels, just one of the two.

A

True

29
Q

What is the most common bacteria to cause uterine infections in mares?

A

Strep zooepidemicus/Beta hemolytic strep

30
Q

Which tend to produce more pus/inflammation in the uterus of mares, gram negatives or gram positives?

A

Gram positives

31
Q

Is bacteria considered normal flora in the uterus of the mare?

A

No

32
Q

What are 5 indications for a uterine biopsy?

A
  • Repeated embryonic death
  • Repeated abortions
  • Fail to respond to treatment
  • Unable to DX uterine anthology with routine endometrial swabs
  • Prognosis of how difficult it will be to get her pregnant or to maintain the pregnancy
33
Q

What grade of uterine biopsy is considered normal?

A

Grade 1

34
Q

With a Grade 1 uterine biopsy, what is the expected foaling rate?

A

80-90%

35
Q

A uterine biopsy showing mild changes is considered to be what grade?
What type of change is typically seen?

A
  • Grade 2A

- Small amount of hypercellularity

36
Q

What is the expected foaling rate with a Grade 2A uterine biopsy?

A

50-80%

37
Q

A uterine biopsy showing moderate changes is considered to be what grade?

A

Grade 2B

38
Q

What is the expected foaling rate with a Grade 2B uterine biopsy?

A

10-50%

39
Q

Fibrotic nests can first be seen with what grade uterine biopsy?

A

Grade 2B

40
Q

Severe changes can be seen with what grade uterine biopsy?

A

Grade 3

41
Q

What ist eh expected foaling rate of a grade 3 uterine biopsy?

A

Less than 10%

42
Q

Is a mare with a Grade 3 uterine biopsy sterile/infertile?

A

No

43
Q

What does UTJ stand for?

A

Utero-tubal Junction

44
Q

What hormone is dominant during diestrus?

A

Progesterone

45
Q

When are progestins seen?

A

During pregnancy

46
Q

When is estrone sulfate seen?

A

During pregnancy

47
Q

Inhibin, testosterone and progesterone can be elevated with what type of tumor?

A

Granulosa Theca Cell tumor

48
Q

Are evolution of LH and FSH performed in the mare?

A

Not commonly performed

Theriogenology (37 decks)

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