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Theriogenology > Bovine Infectious Infertility and Abortions > Flashcards

Bovine Infectious Infertility and Abortions Flashcards

1
Q

What is early embryonic death?

A

Fetal death less than 8 weeks.

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2
Q

What is early embryonic death?

A

Fetal death less than 8 weeks.

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3
Q

What is abortion?

A

Fetal death between 42/56 days and 260 days.

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4
Q

What is stillbirth?

A

Fetal death after 260 days.

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5
Q

What is intervention level?

A

<5% of a herd

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6
Q

What si the number 1 diagnosis of abortion?

A

“Unknown”

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7
Q

What is Listeria monocytogenes?

A

Gram positive coccobacillus.

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8
Q

Where do you find Listeria monocytogenes?

A

Everywhere, but it’s concentrated in rotting hay and improperly stored silage.

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9
Q

What sites does Listeria have a predilection for?

A

Fetoplacental tissue

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10
Q

What are the two main clinical signs you see with listeriosis?

A

Abortion in the last trimester
SICK INFECTED COWS

NOTE: This is one of the only bacteria where you will also see a sick cow!!!

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11
Q

How do you diagnose listeriosis?

A

Isolation of organism from fetal tissues and placenta.

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12
Q

What 2 lesions might you see with listeriosis?

A

Autolysed fetus

Pinpoint, yellow necrotic foci on placenta

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13
Q

How do you treat listeriosis?

A

The cow usually recovers on her own.

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14
Q

What are 3 ways you can prevent listeriosis?

A

Proper silage storage
Clean up old hay
Don’t feed rotten material to pregnant animals

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15
Q

What is abortion?

A

Fetal death between 42/56 days and 260 days.

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16
Q

What is stillbirth?

A

Fetal death after 260 days.

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17
Q

What is intervention level?

A

&gt#5% of a herd.

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18
Q

What si the number 1 diagnosis of abortion?

A

“Unknown”

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19
Q

What is Listeria monocytogenes?

A

Gram positive coccobacillus.

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20
Q

Where do you find Listeria monocytogenes?

A

Everywhere, but it’s concentrated in rotting hay and improperly stored silage.

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21
Q

What sites does Listeria have a predilection for?

A

Fetoplacental tissue

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22
Q

What are the two main clinical signs you see with listeriosis?

A

Abortion in the last trimester
SICK INFECTED COWS

NOTE: This is one of the only bacteria where you will also see a sick cow!!!

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23
Q

How do you diagnose listeriosis?

A

Isolation of organism from fetal tissues and placenta.

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24
Q

What 2 lesions might you see with listeriosis?

A

Autolysed fetus

Pinpoint, yellow necrotic foci on placenta

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25
Q

How do you treat listeriosis?

A

The cow usually recovers on her own.

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26
Q

What are 3 ways you can prevent listeriosis?

A

Proper silage storage
Clean up old hay
Don’t feed rotten material to pregnant animals

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27
Q

What is leptospirosis?

A

Aerobic spirochete

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28
Q

What serovars of lepto are zoonotic?

A

All of them

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29
Q

What are the two types of lepto that we need to worry about?

A

Host adapted

Non host adapted

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30
Q

What clinical signs do the host adapted types of lepto cause?

A

Insidious repro loss or infertility.

NOTE: Host adapted lepto tend to have “hardjo” in the name

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31
Q

What clinical signs do the non host adapted types of lepto cause?

A

Abortion storms

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32
Q

How long is the incubation period of lepto?

A

4-10 days

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33
Q

Where does lepto localize and persist?

A

The renal tubules.

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34
Q

What general clinical signs do you see with lepto infections?

A

Often none.

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35
Q

What 5 ways is lepto transmitted?

A 
URINE
Placental fluids
Milk
Transplacental
Semen
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36
Q

What are the main 3 ways lepto is diagnosed?

A

Clinical history
Dark field microscopy
Fluorescent antibody (using fetal kidney or maternal urine)

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37
Q

What 2 things can you do to prevent lepto?

A

Limit exposure to wildlife

Vaccinate

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38
Q

What is Brucella abortus?

A

Intracellular gram negative coccobacillus

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39
Q

What is the zoonotic form of brucella?

A

Undulant fever

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40
Q

What is the primary means of transmission of brucella?

A

Mucus membranes

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41
Q

Who do you usually blame in cases of brucella?

A

The “bull” (can also be transmitted by intrauterine deposition of frozen semen.

NOTE: Sire bulls should always be tested for brucella

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42
Q

What clinical sign for you see with brucella?

A

Abortion, frequently after 5 months gestation.

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43
Q

What is the deffinitive diagnosis of brucella?

A

Isolation of the organism.

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44
Q

What is a finding that is suggestive of brucellosis?

A

Placentitis (moroccan leather)

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45
Q

What is REALLY important to remember about brucella?

A

It is REPORTABLE in the USA

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46
Q

What is the treatment for brucellosis?

A

No treatment for positive cases. Can only prevent via vaccination of heifers.

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47
Q

What is the current brucella vaccine strain?

A

RB51

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48
Q

Since brucella is reportable, it is monitored by the government, how do they go about that?

A

Orange tags in the right ear (right ear is always for the gov’t) and a tattoo of “Rsheild#”, with the number being the last digit of the year.

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49
Q

What are 2 uncommon and sporadic bacterial causes of abortion?

A

Mycoplasma

Ureaplasma

50
Q

What are 3 minor players when it comes to infectious causes of abortion?

A

Haemophilus somnus
Chlamydia
Salmonella

51
Q

What is Campylobacter foetus veneralis?

A

Gram negative microaerophilic rod

NOTE: It is an obligate parasite of the bovine.

52
Q

What bacteria is an obligate parasite of bovines?

A

Campylobacter foetus veneralis

53
Q

What is another name for Campylobacter foetus veneralis?

A

Vibrio

54
Q

What 2 strains of campylobacter can be found in the GIT?

A

C. fetus fetus

C. fetus jejuni

55
Q

Why are we not worried aboout the other two strains of vibrio?

A

Because they aren’t transmitted venereally.

56
Q

How is vibrio transmitted?

A

Coitus

57
Q

What type of fetal deal does vibrio cause?

A

Early embryonic death

58
Q

What are clinical signs of vibrio?

A

Cows have a delayed return to estrus.

Bulls have no signs.

59
Q

What percentage of cows abort their fetus when infected with vibrio?

A

Less that 10%

60
Q

How is campylobacter diagnosed?

A

Preputial scrapings on Clark’s media.

NOTE: Can also use vaginal mucus or fetal abomasal contents or the placenta.

61
Q

What are 3 ways to conrtol the spread of vibrio?

A

AI
Use Camp negative bulls
Vaccines (vaccinate before breeding season with 2 injections 2-4 weeks apart, and an annual booster)

62
Q

What is Tritichomonas foetus?

A

A flagellated protozoa

63
Q

Where does tritrichomonas live?

A

Preputial crypts.

64
Q

Why do older bulls have higher numbers of tritrichomonas?

A

They have deeper preputial crypts.

65
Q

How is tritrichomonas transmitted?

A

Via coitus.

66
Q

What does tritrichomonas cause?

A

Fetal death, usually early embryonic death.

67
Q

How do you diagnose tritrichomonas?

A

Herd history in females. Usually subclinical in males.

68
Q

What 21-day histogram would suggest that an animal is infected with tritrichomonas?

A

A reverse stair-step. (eg. 10, 2, 4, 6, 8)

69
Q

What 4 samples can be used to diagnose tritrichomonas?

A

Fetal fluids (amnion, abomasum)
Uterine contents
Cervicovaginal mucus
Preputial wash

70
Q

If submitting a preputial wash to look for tritrichomonas, what do the samples go in?

A

Diamond’s medium or InPouch

71
Q

What is the protocol for testing for tritrichomonas?

A

After 2 weeks sexual rest, samples to be taken once a week for 3 consecutive weeks. All samples undergo PCR to type.

72
Q

What is different about the tritrichomonas vaccine?

A

It doesn’t prevent the dz, merely shortens it’s recovery interval. So you vaccinate infected females.

73
Q

How do you prevent tritrichomonas?

A

Use only culture negative or bulsl less than 4 years of age.

74
Q

What is neospora caninum?

A

A protozoa

75
Q

How is neospora transmitted?

A

Dogs are the definitive host, the protozoa is primarily transmitted vertically.

76
Q

What clinical disease does neospora cause in the dam?

A

None

77
Q

What clinical disease does neospora cause in the calf?

A

Either Normal, Weak or Aborted.

78
Q

What lesion do we see with neospora?

A

Autolysed fetus

79
Q

What 2 ways can we diagnose neospora?

A

IHC on fetal tissues and placenta

Serologic testing

80
Q

What 2 ways can we prevent/control neospora?

A

Disrupt the predator-prey lifecycle

Store and serve feed and water in a way that prevents fecal contamination

81
Q

What is the agent that causes infectious bovine rhinotreacheitis?

A

Bovine herpesvirus 1

82
Q

What is the most frequently diagnosed cause of viral abortion in North America?

A

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

83
Q

What kind of transmission to we need to be aware of with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis?

A

Aireborne transmission

84
Q

What are the two forms of IBR that we see?

A

Veneral

Systemic

85
Q

Where is the IBR virus shed?

A

Aborted fetus

Respiratory

86
Q

With the systemic form of IBR, when do we see abortions?

A

Between 4 and 8 months gestation

87
Q

Besides abortions, what clinical sign might we see with systemic IBR?

A

Sometimes respiratory signs

88
Q

What do we see clinically with the veneral form of IBR?

A

Pustules or nodules

89
Q

How is IBR diagnosed?

A

Autolysed fetus and foci of necrosis in liver and other organs are suggestive.

90
Q

How is veneral IBR treated?

A

Resolves spontaneously in 1-2 weeks

91
Q

What are 3 control/prevention measures for IBR?

A

Biosecurity
Vaccination
AI with negative semen

92
Q

What is a big thing to remember with regard to vaccinating for IBR?

A

Follow the manufacturer’s instructions

93
Q

What virus causes the most reproductive problems?

A

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)

94
Q

What are the 2 different categories to divide BVDV into?

A

Genotype

Biotype

95
Q

What are the 2 genotypes of BVDV?

A

BVDV1

BVDV2

96
Q

What are the 2 different biotypes of BVDV?

A

Cytopathic

Noncytopathic

97
Q

What biotype of BVDV results in the persisntently infect calves?

A

Noncytopathic

98
Q

What is the primary source of BVDV spread?

A

Persistently infected calves, because they are constantly shedding.

99
Q

What are the 3 outcomes of BVDV infection?

A

If infected BEFORE 120 days gestation, you get a persistently infected calf.
If infected AFTER 120 days gestation, calf will either fight off infection or lose the fight and abort.

100
Q

Why is 120 days gestation so important with regards to BVDV?

A

That’s when the immune system begins to form, so calves infected with BVDV before this will have the virus considered as “self” and won’t fight it.

101
Q

What are the 2 sources for horizontal transmission of BVDV?

A

Persistently infected calves**

Acutely infected animals

102
Q

What do we have to be careful of with BVDV?

A

Virus can be transmitted by fomites so be really freaking careful about what you do, and clean all your shit between farms!

103
Q

What is important to remember about the clinical signs of BVDV?

A

Most show no clinical signs!!! SCREEN ALL YOUR ANIMALS!

104
Q

What are 3 clinical signs of BVDV?

A

Ill thrift
Intermittent diarrhea
Chronic respiratory dz

105
Q

What is considered diagnostic confirmation of BVDV?

A

Virus neutralization negative with tests 14 days apart.

Virus isolation positive for 14 days or longer.

106
Q

What are the 2 general economic impacts of BVDV?

A

Reproductive losses

Production losses

107
Q

Which type of bovine production is more affected by BVDV?

A

Beef and dairy are both equally affected.

108
Q

What are the 2 best diagnostic tests for BVDV according to Dr. French?

A

Immunohistochemistry

PCR

109
Q

What is a benefit of running PCR for BVDV?

A

Can run pooled samples.

110
Q

What are 2 benefits of using IHC to test for BVDV?

A

Can use an ear notch sample.

Maternal antibodies don’t interfere.

111
Q

What are 2 ways to control BVDV?

A

Biosecurity (closed herd)

Vaccines FOLLOW MANUFACTURER’S LABELS

112
Q

What should BVDV control stragtegies aim for?

A

Detection and elimination of PIs

113
Q

What species does bluetongue virus infect?

A

Cattle and sheep

114
Q

How frequently does bluetongue virus cause abortions?

A

Only a minor cause, more commonly causes teratogenesis.

115
Q

What is important to remember about the vaccines for bluetongue virus?

A

They’re only MLV, so it may propagate the dz if the vector is present!

116
Q

What type of virus is the bluetonge virus?

A

An orbivirus.

117
Q

What fungus can cause abortions?

A

Aspergillus fumigatus

118
Q

When do we see transmission of aspergillus most?

A

In the winter and spring during increased confinement of cattle.

119
Q

What type of spread do we see with aspergillus?

A

Hematogenous.

120
Q

How does aspergillus cause abortions?

A

Hematogenous spread causes placentitis which results in abortion.

121
Q

What 2 lesions do we see with aspergillus abortions?

A

Necrosis of the cotyledons and thickening of the intercotyledonary space on the placenta
Mycotic plaques in ~25% of the cases on the fetus (looks like ringworm lesions)

122
Q

How is aspergillus diagnosed?

A

Fungal hyphae on microscope of histopath.

Theriogenology (37 decks)

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