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Theriogenology > Disorder of Gravid Uterus > Flashcards

Disorder of Gravid Uterus Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 complications that can be seen during pregnancy in a mare?

A
  • Early embryonic death (EED)
  • Abortion
  • Twins
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2
Q

What are the 3 layers of fetal membranes associated with the embryo?

A
  • Amnion
  • Allantoamnion
  • Allantochorion
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3
Q

Death in the absence of bacterial infection causes what?

A

Mummification

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4
Q

What are 3 things associated with mummification in the mare?

A
  • Loss of fetal fluid
  • Uterus contracted around fetus
  • Secondary to twins
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5
Q

A dead fetus with bacterial contamination is referred to as what?

A

Maceration

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6
Q

Which bacteria is the most common cause of maceration in mares?

A

Strep zooepidemicus

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7
Q

Is the mare usually systemically ill when maceration occurs?

A

No

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8
Q

What should be done when a macerated fetus is present?

A

Remove the fetus then lavage the uterus and give antibiotics.

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9
Q

Normal amniotic fluid depth should not exceed what in the mare?

A

7.9 +/- 3.5 cm

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10
Q

Normal allantoic fluid depth should not exceed what in the mare?

A

13.4 +/- 4.4 cm

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11
Q

What is the most reliable parameter to indicate fetal well-being?
How is this obtained?

A
  • Fetal heart rate (FHR)

- M-mode echocardiography

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12
Q

What are 5 possibilities of clinical signs that can be seen with placentitis in the mare?

A
  • Purulent vulval discharge (often not present)
  • Udder development
  • Premature lactation
  • Cervical dilation
  • No clinical signs
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13
Q

What are the 2 most common bacteria seen with placentitis in the mare?

A
  • Strep zooepidemicus

- E. coli

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14
Q

What are 3 types of drugs that can be given when treating ascending placentitis?

A
  • Antibiotics
  • NSAIDs
  • Uterine relaxants
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15
Q

What are 2 antibiotics that can be used when treating ascending placentitis?

A
  • TMS

- Gentocin

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16
Q

What is an NSAID that can be used when treating ascending placentitis?

A

Flunixin meglumine

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17
Q

What is a uterine relaxant that can be used when treating ascending placentitis?

A

Regumate

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18
Q

What is the most common hydropic condition seen in mares?

A

Hydro-allantois

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19
Q

What are 2 clinical signs that can be see with hydropic conditions with mares?

A
  • Sudden onset of abdominal distention

- Mare can be slightly painful

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20
Q

What are 2 hydropic conditions that can be seen in mares?

Which one is more common?

A
  • Hydro-allantois (more common)

- Hydro-amnion

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21
Q

What are 2 possible findings on a rectal examination of a mare with a hydropic condition?

A
  • Difficult to ID foal due to excessive fluid

- Defective foal, small for gestational age

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22
Q

What needs to be done for a mare with a hydropic condition?

A

Need to induce abortion

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23
Q

Is hydrops allantois common or rare?

A

Rare

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24
Q

How quickly does distention develop with hydrops allantois?

A

Fast: over 10-14 days

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25
Q

What are 3 clinical signs that can be seen with hydrops allantois?

A
  • Reluctance to move
  • Altered gait
  • Dyspnea
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26
Q

Hydrops allantois usually presents when in a mare during the pregnancy?

A

After the 7th month

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27
Q

How much fluid can be expelled with hydrops allantois?

A

120-200 L of fluid

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28
Q

What are 3 possible causes of hydrops allantois?

A
  • Genetic
  • Placentitis
  • Torsion of amnion and umbilicus
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29
Q

Can the fetus be palpated with hydrops allantois?

A

Difficult/impossible to palpate fetus

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30
Q

What is the treatment for hydrops allantois?

A

Induce abortion

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31
Q

What are 3 steps for inducing abortion in a mare with hydrops allantois?

A
  • Manually dilate cervix slowly and puncture membrane
  • Try to get slow release of fluids (about 30 minutes)
  • Give oxytocin (10-20 IU) every 30 minutes until delivery occurs
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32
Q

What may follow delivery after abortion has been induced with hydrops allantois?

A

Hypovolemic shock

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33
Q

What are 4 possible complications that can be seen with hydrops allantois?

A
  • Prepubic tendon rupture
  • Herniation
  • abdominal muscle rupture
  • Uterine rupture
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34
Q

What are 3 things that should be closely monitored for after treatment for hydrops allantois?

A
  • Retained placenta
  • Metritis
  • Laminitis
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35
Q

Should a mare just treated for hydrops allantois be rebred on her foal heat?
Why?

A
  • No

- Uterine involution is delayed

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36
Q

Is hydrops amnii rare or common in horses?

A

Rare (3 reported cases in literature)

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37
Q

What might hydrops amnii be associated with?

A

Fetal abnormalities

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38
Q

Is the fetus easy or difficult to see and feel with hydrops amnii?

A

Difficult

39
Q

How quickly does fluid accumulate with hydrops amnii?

A

Slow: over weeks to months

40
Q

Will a mare that has hydrops amnii have a predisposition to reoccurrence of the condition?

A

No

41
Q

Prepubic tendon rupture is most commonly seen in what type of horses?

A

Heavy draft breeds

42
Q

Prepubic tendon rupture can be sen with what 3 conditions?

A
  • Hydrallantois
  • Large fetus
  • Twins
43
Q

What can be seen with prepubic tendon rupture?

A

10-20 cm thick plaque on ventral abdomen

44
Q

T/F: Prepubic tendon rupture may occur suddenly.

A

True

45
Q

What happens to the udder of a mare with prepubic tendon rupture?

A

Looses support, becomes swollen and congested

46
Q

What diagnostic tool can be used to look at the muscle/tendon to evaluate integrity with a prepubic tendon rupture?

A

US

47
Q

What type of examination can be used with a prepubic tendon rupture and what does it demonstrate?

A
  • Rectal exam

- Demonstrates abdominal floor falling away from pelvis

48
Q

If the object is the save a foal that is near term with a prepubic tendon rupture, what should be done?

A

Support with sling or heavy canvas

49
Q

If the object is to save the mare with a prepubic tendon rupture, then what should be done?

A

Induce parturition (will need assistance with delivery)

50
Q

What usually happens to the mare if the prepubic tendon rupture is a full rupture?

A

Euthanized

51
Q

If the prepubic tendon rupture is a partial tear, can the mare be rebred?

A

No, do not rebreed

52
Q

What are 3 forms of supportive care that can be used with a prepubic tendon rupture?

A
  • Support abdomen
  • Medicate for pain as needed
  • Give anti-inflammatories
53
Q

Is uterine torsion common or rare in a mare?

Why?

A
  • Relatively rare

- Due to dorsal uterine attachment of broad ligament

54
Q

When are uterine torsions most commonly seen in the mare?

A

Mid-late term (5-10 months)

55
Q

Most uterine torsions in the mare are limited to what degree of rotation?

A

180 degree rotation

56
Q

Pain may not be seen if the uterine torsion is less than what degree?

A

Less than 180 degrees

57
Q

Uterine torsions greater than what degree are usually painful, creating low grade colic that doesn’t respond well to analgesics?

A

Greater than 180 degrees

58
Q

Uterine torsion might lead to what condition?

A

Uterine rupture or hemorrhage

59
Q

How is diagnosis of uterine torsion confirmed?

A

Palpation per rectum

60
Q

Does a uterine torsion in a mare usually involve the vagina and cervix?

A

No

61
Q

Chronic uterine torsion may cause what?

A

Necrosis of broad ligaments and difficulty in using palpation for diagnosis.

62
Q

What are 2 forms of treatment for uterine torsion?

A
  • Left flank laparotomy

- Rolling mare with a plank on her flank

63
Q

Even if a uterine torsion is corrected, what might still happen?

A

Fetus may still be aborted within the next few weeks.

64
Q

Rolling to correct uterine torsion can be done at what point during gestation?

A

Early stages of last trimester

65
Q

If the foal is dead in a torsed uterus, what type of approach can be used?

A

Ventral midline

66
Q

What are 5 clinical signs that may be seen with chronic uterine torsion?

A
  • Pyrexia
  • Anemia
  • Tachycardia
  • Anorexia
  • Depression
67
Q

What are 3 differentials for colic in the late-term mare?

A
  • Gastrointestinal
  • Fetal movements
  • Uterine torsion
68
Q

What might be the cause of colic in a late-term mare experiencing moderate to severe pain that is difficult to examine rectally?

A

Gastrointestinal

69
Q

What might be the cause of colic in a late-term mare that appears to be temporary with acute onset?

A

Fetal movements

70
Q

What might be the cause of colic in a later-term mare with low grade pain of prolonged duration that is refractory to painkillers?

A

Uterine torsion

71
Q

T/F: Signs of colic in a pregnant mare is considered to be an emergency.

A

True

72
Q

Vaginal varicose veins are more common in what age mare?

A

Older multiparous mares near the end of gestation.

73
Q

What are 3 treatments for vaginal varicose veins?

A
  • Ligation
  • Cautery
  • Laser ablation
74
Q

What is a clinical sign that might be seen with vaginal varicose veins?

A

Slight recurrent vaginal bleeding

75
Q

When are 2 times uterine rupture can be seen?

A
  • Pre-foaling

- During parturition

76
Q

What are 3 possible causes of uterine rupture?

A
  • Mutation and fetotomy
  • Violent intrapartum movements
  • Hydrops
77
Q

Will uterine ruptures always present right away clinically?

A

No, may show no signs initially.

78
Q

What are 4 ways to diagnose uterine rupture?

A
  • Palpation
  • US
  • Abdominocentesis
  • Exploratory surgery
79
Q

What are 2 options for treatment of uterine rupture?

A
  • Surgical

- Medical

80
Q

Gestation in a mare is considered prolonged after what time period?

A

Greater than 360-380 days

81
Q

Does a prolonged gestation usually result in an oversized fetus with horses?

A

No

82
Q

It is normal for gestation in a mare to be about 10 days longer during what time of year?
Why?

A
  • Early spring

- Relationship to photoperiod

83
Q

What can occur during early pregnancy that can lead to a 3-5 week prolonged gestation?

A

Arrest of embryonic/fetal development at 3-6 weeks of gestation.

84
Q

What is recommended with prolonged gestation?

A

Try to wait for normal parturition if there are no inciting causes.

85
Q

Premature placental separation is also known as what?

A

Red Bag delivery

86
Q

What are 4 possible causes of premature placental separation (red bag delivery)?

A
  • Prolonged labor
  • Meconium release
  • Foal anoxia/asphyxia
  • Dummy foal
87
Q

T/F: A retained placenta is a common problem seen with premature placental separation (red bag delivery).

A

False - Retained placenta is NOT a common problem.

88
Q

What is seen with a premature placental separation (red bag delivery)?

A

“Cervical star”

89
Q

What is the fungus associated with fescue that can cause problems in the pregnant mare?

A

Acremonium coenophialum

90
Q

What are 5 problems that Acremonium coenophialum can cause in pregnant mares?

A
  • Decreased milk (low prolactin)
  • Prolonged gestation
  • Abortion
  • Weak/dead foals
  • Dystocia
91
Q

What should be done with a pregnant mare on fescue if worried about fungal toxicity?

A

Remove from source of fescue 30-45 days before parturition.

92
Q

What are 2 drugs that can be used with fungal toxicity associated with fescue?

A
  • Low progesterone form day 300 to foaling

- Domperidone

93
Q

With fungal toxicity associated with fescue, the placenta does not become thickened until when?

A

Within 48 hours of parturition.

Theriogenology (37 decks)

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