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Theriogenology > Fertilization, Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy and Placentation > Flashcards

Fertilization, Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy and Placentation Flashcards

1
Q

What needs to occur for fertilization?

A

Sperm needs to encounter oocyte

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2
Q

What is the general range of sperm viability?

A

Hours to days

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3
Q

Roughly how much sperm is lost via retrograde flow?

A

~50%

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4
Q

Where do the non-motile sperm get removed after breeding?

A

The cervix

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5
Q

Where is capacitation initiated?

A

The uterus.

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6
Q

Where is capacitation completed?

A

The oviduct.

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7
Q

What reaction must take place in order for fertilization to occur?

A

The acrosome reaction.

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8
Q

In what 3 species is the semen deposited in the uterus?

A

Pig
Alpaca
Horse

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9
Q

In what 5 species is semen deposited in the vagina?

A 
Cows
Goats
Sheep
Dogs
Cats
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10
Q

Where do sperm mature?

A

Through the epididymus

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11
Q

Where is maximal sperm fertility achieved?

A

Only after residing in the female tract for a period of time

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12
Q

What are the changes that occur to sperm for final maturation?

A

Capacitation

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13
Q

What is the rapid phase of sperm transport?

A

Muscle contractions help the sperm arrive at the oviduct in minutes where they await the oocyte.

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14
Q

What is the sustained phase of sperm transport?

A

Sperm delivered continually from reservoirs.

NOTE: This is critical for animals the ovulate several oocytes.

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15
Q

What 2 areas are considered “reservoirs” for sperm?

A

Cervix

Uterotubual junction

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16
Q

What is the site of fertilization?

A

The Ampullary-isthmic junction

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17
Q

What is capacitation?

A

Stripping of the seminal plasma proteins by uterine factors.

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18
Q

What is the result of capacitation?

A

Hyper-activated sperm with unmasked ZP (zona pellucida) binding sites

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19
Q

What are the 3 layers of cells that act as a barrier to fertilization?

A

Cumulus cells
Zona Pellucida
Oolemma (oocyte membrane)

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20
Q

What is the function of the zona pellucida?

A

Prevents polyspermy

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21
Q

What initiates the acrosome reaction?

A

Binding of the sperm to the zona pellucida.

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22
Q

How is polyspermy prevented?

A

Once sperm binds to the oolemma, the zona pellucida hardens to prevent other sperm from binding.

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23
Q

What is syngamy?

A

Fusion of male and female pronuclei to form a zygote.

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24
Q

How many cells are in a zygote?

A

One

25
Q

How many cells are in an embryo?

A

Many

26
Q

Before the embryo can attache to the uterus, what 4 steps must first occur?

A

Develop within ZP
Hatch from ZP
Maternal recognition of pregnancy
Formation of extra-embryonic membranes

27
Q

What is the site of fertilization in the cow?

A

The ampullaristhmic junction.

28
Q

What is totipotency?

A

The ability of a single blastomere to develop into a fully formed individual animal.

29
Q

Up to what stage is each blastomere totipotent?

A

8-16 cell stage

30
Q

How many cells are in a morula?

A

16+ cells

31
Q

What is the first fetal membrane you see at birth?

A

Amnion

32
Q

Why do you not see the chorion first at birth?

A

Because it is attached to the dam.

33
Q

What is the term if you see the chorion first at birth?

A

Red bag

NOTE: This is BAD, the chorion has been decomposing.

34
Q

What are the 2 main goals of maternal recognition of pregnancy?

A

Preservation of the primary CL

Maintain high levels of progesterone

35
Q

What must maternal recognition of pregnancy occur before?

A

Before luteolysis

36
Q

What is the mechanism of maternal recognition of pregnancy in the cow?

A

Interferon-tau from trophoblast cells inhibits oxytocin receptor synthesis so no PGF2a is released.

37
Q

What is the mechanism of maternal recognition of pregnancy in the sow?

A

The blastocyst produces estradiol which re-routes PGF2a where it is destroyed.

38
Q

What is so different about equine maternal recognition of pregnancy?

A

The embryo needs to migrate everywhere to signal pregnancy.

39
Q

What is different about maternal recognition of pregnancy in cats and dogs vs our large animal species?

A

The CL has a similar lifespan in bot pregnant and non-pregnant animals.

40
Q

What membrane is the origin of the placenta?

A

The chorioallantois.

41
Q

What type of placenta does a horse have?

A

Diffuse

NOTE: Sow also has diffuse

42
Q

What type of placenta does a ruminant have?

A

Cotyledonary

43
Q

What type of placenta does a primate have?

A

Discoid

44
Q

What type of placenta does a dog or cat have?

A

Zonary

45
Q

What is the point of attachment of the placenta to the dam?

A

Chorionic villi

46
Q

How many layers of tissue exist between the maternal and fetal blood in an epitheliochorial placenta?

A

6 layers total; 3 maternal and 3 fetal

NOTE: Embryo ALWAYS has 3 layers.

47
Q

How many layers of tissue exist between the maternal and fetal blood in an endotheliochorial placenta?

A

5 layers total; 2 maternal and 3 fetal

NOTE: Embryo ALWAYS has 3 layers.

48
Q

How many layers of tissue exist between the maternal and fetal blood in a hemochorial placenta?

A

4 layers total; 1 maternal and 3 fetal

NOTE: Embryo ALWAYS has 3 layers.

49
Q

What type of placenta does a sow have?

A

Diffuse

50
Q

What 6 species have an epitheliochorial placenta?

A 
Pig
Horse
Camelid
Cow
Sheep
Doe
51
Q

What 2 species have an endotheliochorial placenta?

A

Dog

Cat

52
Q

What 2 species have a hemochorial placenta?

A

Primates

Rodents

53
Q

What is an additional mechanism of maternal recognition of pregnancy that we find in the horse?

A

Endometrial cups

54
Q

What is produced by the endometrial cups?

A

Equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG)

55
Q

How does the placental induce parturition?

A

Convets P4s to estrogen

56
Q

How does the placenta assist parturition?

A

Secretes relaxin and estrogen

57
Q

How does the placental help maintain pregnancy?

A

Placenta secretes P4

58
Q

What is the placenta’s role in pregnancy maintenance?

A

In the cow, sheep, and mare the placenta takes over from the ovaries at various times.

Theriogenology (37 decks)

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