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Theriogenology > Development of Female and Male Systems > Flashcards

Development of Female and Male Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Define an embryo.

A

Has not yet acquired an anatomical form that is readily recognizable.

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2
Q

Define a fetus.

A

Presence of all major body organs. Recognizable as a member of a given species.

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3
Q

What are the 3 general steps in embryology?

A

Cell mass
Cell layers start flat
Organogenesis “outside” the embryo

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4
Q

What 3 cell lines are in the cell mass?

A

Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm

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5
Q

What cell lines give rise to the reproductive organs?

A

Ectoderm and mesoderm

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6
Q

What is schistosomus reflexus?

A

The organs never go into the body cavity, but the fetus develops to term. Spine is also bent the wrong direction. All this results in often severe dystocia.

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7
Q

T/F: The embryonic period is relatively similar in all species.

A

True. It is gestational length that differs.

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8
Q

During what trimester can you sex the fetus?

A

During the first trimester.

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9
Q

What is sex differentiation?

A

Process where a group of cells develops into a functional, recognizable group of cells.

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10
Q

What is sex determination?

A

Determines the sexual characteristics of an organism.

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11
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

The number and appearance of chromosomes.

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12
Q

What is a genotype?

A

Describes the alleles.

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13
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

Describes the observed characteristics. The expression of the genotype.

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14
Q

What is a chimera?

A

An organism with cells from two different zygotes.

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15
Q

What is a mosaic?

A

Two or more populations of cells with different genotypes in one individual that developed from a since fertilized egg.

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16
Q

What are the 3 stages of sexual differentiation?

A

Chromosomal sex/karyotype (XX or XY)
Gonadal sex
Phenotypic sex

17
Q

What does the chromosomal sex tell you?

A

Just that the animal is chromosomally male or female

18
Q

After what percent of gestation is the sex usually obvious?

A

After 15%

19
Q

What does the reproductive tract develop close to and at the same time as?

A

The renal system.

20
Q

What is the pronephros?

A

Primitive kidney, nonfunctional.

21
Q

What is the mesonephros?

A

Intermediate kidney

22
Q

What is the metanephros?

A

Final, functional kidney.

23
Q

In the female and male, what happens to the mesonephric ducts (Wolffiean ducts)?

A

They regress in the female, and become the epididymus and ductus deferens in the male.

24
Q

In the female and male, what happens to the paramesonephric ducts (Mullerian ducts)?

A

In the female, they become the uterus, oviducts and cranial vagina. In the male, they regress.

25
Q

What happens to the primitive sex cords?

A

They regress in the female, and become the seminiferous tubules in the male.

26
Q

What are the female primitive germ cells called?

A

Oocytes

27
Q

What are the male primitive germ cells called?

A

Spermatogonia

28
Q

What is the testis determining factor?

A

A sex determining region on the Y chromosome that stimulates the development of the male reproductive tract when present, or the development of the female reproductive tract if absent.

29
Q

What is anti-mullerian hormone?

A

Stimulates differentiation of Leydig cells and degeneration of paramesonephric ducts.

30
Q

What does dihydrotestosterone promote?

A

The development of a penis, scrotum and accessory sex glands.

31
Q

Where in the body are the testis formed?

A

Near the ribs!

32
Q

What structure do the oviducts, uterus and cranial vagina develop from and what cell type are they?

A

From the paramesonephric ducts

Mesoderm

33
Q

T/F: The female gonads and ducts do not originate retroperitonaly.

A

False. They DO originate in the retroperitoneal space.

34
Q

What occurs during fetal maturation?

A

The organs that were produced during the embryonic stage mature.

Male: Testicles descend into scrotum
Female: Broad ligament develops and ovaries migrate caudally.

35
Q

During what trimester does testicular descent occur?

A

In the 2nd trimester for bulls and rams
In the 3rd trimester for boars and humans
In and beyond the 3rd trimester in colts

36
Q

What structure helps pull the testis into the scrotum?

A

The gubernaculum

37
Q

What are the 3 phases in testicular descent?

A

Growth and elongation of body away from testes
Rapid growth of extraabdominal gubernaculum
Shrinkage of the gubernaculum within the scrotum

38
Q

What are 2 common testicular descent failures?

A

Cryptorchidism

Inguinal hernia

Theriogenology (37 decks)

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