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Theriogenology > Breeding Soundness of the Bull > Flashcards

Breeding Soundness of the Bull Flashcards

1
Q

Are breeding soundness evaluations used more in the dairy or beef industry?

A

Beef

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2
Q

What are 5 components of a bull breeding sounds evaluation?

A
  • Bull’s history
  • General PE
  • Examine testes and measure scrotal circumference
  • Detailed exam of genital tract
  • Collection/analysis of semen samples
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3
Q

What are the 4 parts of a bull BSE?

A
  • PE
  • Minimum scrotal circumference based on age
  • Minimum progressive motility of 30%
  • Minimum of 70% morphologically normal cells
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4
Q

How many parts of the bull BSE must be passed for a bull to be considered to have satisfactory potential as a breeder?

A

All 4 parts!

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5
Q

What is NOT included in a routine BSE?

A

Test mating

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6
Q

A test mating can be scheduled if a bull has a history of what?

A

Infertility or failure to breed

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7
Q

What are 3 things that can be reveled with a test mating?

A
  • Penile deviations
  • Evaluation of libido
  • Ability to make intromission
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8
Q

What are 4 components of the bull’s history that should be taken into account?

A
  • How long has owner had bull
  • Vaccination and deworming
  • Previous injuries or illness
  • Bull’s breeding HX
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9
Q

What are 3 pieces of information that should be recorded about the bull?

A
  • Signalment
  • Permanent ID (Tattoo, tag, brand)
  • BCS
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10
Q

What are 6 acceptable forms of permanent ID for bulls?

A
  • Metal ear tag
  • Tattoo
  • Hot brand
  • Freeze brand
  • Horn brand
  • EID
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11
Q

What are 2 important aspects of a PE when evaluating a bull for breeding soundness?

A
  • Watch him walk

- Inspect the eyes

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12
Q

What are 3 other aspects of a PE for a bull?

A
  • Check his age (teeth)
  • Look at conformation
  • Palpate sheath
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13
Q

Is scissor claw a hereditary condition?

A

Yes

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14
Q

What is the term for when the hock and fetlock joint are straighter than they should be?

A

Post-legged

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15
Q

What comes after the regular PE with a BSE in bulls?

A

Exam of external genitalia

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16
Q

What are 2 aspects of exam the external genitalia?

A
  • Examine prepuce and external sheath

- Palpate penis through sheath

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17
Q

What are 3 conditions to check for when visualizing the penis?

A
  • Warts
  • Hair ring
  • Persistent frenulum
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18
Q

Examination of external genitalia should consist of methodical palpation of what 4 body parts?

A
  • Testicles
  • Epididymis
  • Pampiniform plexus/testicular cords
  • Scrotum
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19
Q

What are 3 aspects of evaluating the testicles?

A
  • Should be same size and shape
  • Feel firm like a flexed forearm
  • Check temperature
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20
Q

What are 4 aspects of the epididymus to check on palpation?

A
  • Size
  • Shape
  • Consistency
  • Pain
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21
Q

How should the scrotum appear?

A

Pendulous with no skin lesions.

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22
Q

What is used to measure the circumference of the scrotum?

Where should it be measured?

A
  • Scrotal tapes

- Around widest portion of scrotum

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23
Q

What has the closest correlation with daily sperm output in the bull?

A

Scrotal circumference

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24
Q

Scrotal circumference is significant for what 2 reasons?

A
  • Larger scrotal circumference produces more sperm

- Female offspring come into estrus sooner

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25
Q

What is the minimum recommended scrotal circumference in a bull 15 months old or less?

A

30 cm

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26
Q

What is the minimum recommended scrotal circumference in a bull between 15 and 18 months old?

A

31 cm

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27
Q

What is the minimum recommended scrotal circumference in a bull between 18 and 21 months old?

A

32 cm

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28
Q

What is the minimum recommended scrotal circumference in a bull between 21 and 24 months old?

A

33 cm

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29
Q

What is the minimum recommended scrotal circumference in a bull greater than 24 months old?

A

34 cm

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30
Q

What type of examination allows for evaluation of internal genital structures?

A

Rectal examination

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31
Q

Why is it important to clear fecal material from the rectum?

A

Allows probe electrodes to contact rectal mucosa.

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32
Q

How does a rectal exam aid in semen collection?

A

Pre-stimulation for electro-ejaculation

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33
Q

What are 4 parts of the internal male genital tract that can be palpated on a rectal exam?

A
  • Ampulla
  • Seminal vesicle
  • Urethralis muscle
  • Prostate
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34
Q

What part of the male internal genital tract feels like a broomstick on the floor of the pelvis?
What size is it?

A
  • Urethralis muscle

- 3 to 4 cm

35
Q

What part of the male internal genital tract feels like a ring on a giant’s finger?

A

Prostate

36
Q

Which lobulated accessory sex gland that is located cranio-lateral to the prostate?

A

Seminal vesicles (vesicular glands)

37
Q

What are 4 ways to describe the seminal vesicles (vesicular glands)?

A
  • Paired
  • Symmetrical
  • Freely movable
  • Non-painful
38
Q

Which accessory sex gland is a thick walled tubular structure that lies along the midline between the seminal vesicles?

A

Ampulla

39
Q

The ampulla are terminal dilations of what structure?

A

Ductus deferens

40
Q

Where are the inguinal rings located?

A

Just cranial and ventrolateral to the pelvic brim.

41
Q

The inguinal rings are slits in what muscles?

A

Abdominal oblique muscles

42
Q

If the inguinal rings are greater than what size, the bull may be predisposed to what?

A
  • 3 fingers

- Predisposed to herniation

43
Q

What are 3 methods of semen collection that can be used with bulls?

A
  • Electro-ejaculation
  • Manual massage
  • AV collection
44
Q

What method of semen collection is most often used with bulls?

A

Electro-ejaculation

45
Q

What method of semen collection can be used in bulls that are refractory to electro-ejaculation?

A

Manual massage

46
Q

What method of semen collection is used almost exclusively at bull stud operations?

A

AV collection

47
Q

What are 4 grades for gross motility?

A
  • Very good
  • Good
  • Fair
  • Poor
48
Q

What type of sample is used to evaluate gross motility of semen?

A

Undiluted drop of semen on warmed side on low power.

49
Q

What type of sample is used to evaluate progressive motility of semen?

A

Small amount of semen diluted with saline with a cover slip placed on it evaluated on 40X.

50
Q

How is progressive motility of semen measured?

A

Appoint a % number

51
Q

What is the minimum acceptable percentage value for progressive motility in semen?
How does this compare to other species?

A
  • 30%

- Lowest seen in all species

52
Q

In order to be considered progressive, the sperm must be moving in what direction?

A

Forward in a straight line

53
Q

What kind of stain is used for evaluating the morphology of semen?

A

Eosin-nigrosin

54
Q

Under what power should the morphology of semen be examined?

A

Oil 1000X

55
Q

What are 3 classifications of morphology of semen?

A
  • Normal
  • Primary
  • Secondary
56
Q

What is the minimal acceptable percentage of normal morphology?

A

70%

57
Q

What are 2 reasons for warming and cleaning a slide slide to be used for semen?

A
  • Dries faster

- Fewer smudges

58
Q

Why is it important to use fresh E-N stain?

A

Old stain can be “contaminated” and has usually become hypertonic.

59
Q

What do you put on the slide first, the stain or the semen?

A

Stain first, then semen

60
Q

How many slides should be made?

A

2 or 3

61
Q

The semen slide should be stained with Diff-Quik if what condition is suspected?
What are you looking for?

A
  • Vesiculitis

- WBCs

62
Q

What are 3 systems that can be used to classify sperm abnormalities?

A
  • Primary/secondary
  • Major/minor
  • Compensable/non-compensable
63
Q

What type of morphology classification system denotes the origin of the defect?

A

Primary/secondary

64
Q

Is a morphology defect that originates in the testis during spermatogenesis primary or secondary?

A

Primary

65
Q

Which type of morphology defect is considered a “production problem,” primary or secondary?

A

Primary

66
Q

Which type of morphology defect usually involves head and middle piece, primary or secondary?

A

Primary

67
Q

Which type of morphology defect originates in the epididymus, primary or secondary?

A

Secondary

68
Q

Which type of morphology defect is considered a “transit defect,” primary or secondary?

A

Secondary

69
Q

Which type of morphology defects have been proven to be associated with infertility, major or minor?

A

Major

70
Q

Which type of morphology defects are not associated with infertility?

A

Minor

71
Q

What is a flaw with the major/minor morphology system?

A

A minor defect may affect 100% of a population of ejaculate.

72
Q

What type of morphology defect is hereditary in Jerseys?

A

Distal mid-piece reflex

73
Q

A morphology classification system where sperm defects are based upon the current understanding of the significance of the defect is what?

A

Compensable/non-compensable

74
Q

What is a morphological defect that can be compensated for by additional normal sperm is considered what type of defect?

A

Compensable defect

75
Q

What is an example of a compensable defect?

A

Bent tail spermatozoa

76
Q

What is a morphological defect that will express as a decrease in fertility at the % level of its occurrence?

A

Non-compensable defect

77
Q

With what type of morphological defect do the defective sperm compete directly with normal sperm to penetrate the ova and induce an acrosome reaction?

A

Non-compensable defect

78
Q

Would increasing sperm numbers increase the chance of fertilization with a compensable defect?

A

Yes

79
Q

Would increasing sperm numbers increase the chance of fertilization with a non-compensable defect?

A

No

80
Q

What are 5 things that can increase the occurrence of abnormalities?

A
  • Heat
  • Illness
  • Lameness
  • Stress
  • Genetics
81
Q

Do you measure the volume of ejaculate collected from a bull when electro-ejaculation is used?
Why?

A
  • No

- Amount collected during electro-ejaculation is not the normal volume produced string regular ejaculation.

82
Q

What are the 3 final classifications used for semen analysis?

A
  • Satisfactory
  • Unsatisfactory
  • Deferred
83
Q

When can semen be re-tested?

A

60 days

84
Q

How many times can a bull’s semen be deferred before is is deemed unsatisfactory?

A

Once

Theriogenology (37 decks)

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