Breeding Soundness of the Bull Flashcards
1
Q
Are breeding soundness evaluations used more in the dairy or beef industry?
A
Beef
2
Q
What are 5 components of a bull breeding sounds evaluation?
A
- Bull’s history
- General PE
- Examine testes and measure scrotal circumference
- Detailed exam of genital tract
- Collection/analysis of semen samples
3
Q
What are the 4 parts of a bull BSE?
A
- PE
- Minimum scrotal circumference based on age
- Minimum progressive motility of 30%
- Minimum of 70% morphologically normal cells
4
Q
How many parts of the bull BSE must be passed for a bull to be considered to have satisfactory potential as a breeder?
A
All 4 parts!
5
Q
What is NOT included in a routine BSE?
A
Test mating
6
Q
A test mating can be scheduled if a bull has a history of what?
A
Infertility or failure to breed
7
Q
What are 3 things that can be reveled with a test mating?
A
- Penile deviations
- Evaluation of libido
- Ability to make intromission
8
Q
What are 4 components of the bull’s history that should be taken into account?
A
- How long has owner had bull
- Vaccination and deworming
- Previous injuries or illness
- Bull’s breeding HX
9
Q
What are 3 pieces of information that should be recorded about the bull?
A
- Signalment
- Permanent ID (Tattoo, tag, brand)
- BCS
10
Q
What are 6 acceptable forms of permanent ID for bulls?
A
- Metal ear tag
- Tattoo
- Hot brand
- Freeze brand
- Horn brand
- EID
11
Q
What are 2 important aspects of a PE when evaluating a bull for breeding soundness?
A
- Watch him walk
- Inspect the eyes
12
Q
What are 3 other aspects of a PE for a bull?
A
- Check his age (teeth)
- Look at conformation
- Palpate sheath
13
Q
Is scissor claw a hereditary condition?
A
Yes
14
Q
What is the term for when the hock and fetlock joint are straighter than they should be?
A
Post-legged
15
Q
What comes after the regular PE with a BSE in bulls?
A
Exam of external genitalia
16
Q
What are 2 aspects of exam the external genitalia?
A
- Examine prepuce and external sheath
- Palpate penis through sheath
17
Q
What are 3 conditions to check for when visualizing the penis?
A
- Warts
- Hair ring
- Persistent frenulum
18
Q
Examination of external genitalia should consist of methodical palpation of what 4 body parts?
A
- Testicles
- Epididymis
- Pampiniform plexus/testicular cords
- Scrotum
19
Q
What are 3 aspects of evaluating the testicles?
A
- Should be same size and shape
- Feel firm like a flexed forearm
- Check temperature
20
Q
What are 4 aspects of the epididymus to check on palpation?
A
- Size
- Shape
- Consistency
- Pain
21
Q
How should the scrotum appear?
A
Pendulous with no skin lesions.
22
Q
What is used to measure the circumference of the scrotum?
Where should it be measured?
A
- Scrotal tapes
- Around widest portion of scrotum
23
Q
What has the closest correlation with daily sperm output in the bull?
A
Scrotal circumference
24
Q
Scrotal circumference is significant for what 2 reasons?
A
- Larger scrotal circumference produces more sperm
- Female offspring come into estrus sooner
25
What is the minimum recommended scrotal circumference in a bull 15 months old or less?
30 cm
26
What is the minimum recommended scrotal circumference in a bull between 15 and 18 months old?
31 cm
27
What is the minimum recommended scrotal circumference in a bull between 18 and 21 months old?
32 cm
28
What is the minimum recommended scrotal circumference in a bull between 21 and 24 months old?
33 cm
29
What is the minimum recommended scrotal circumference in a bull greater than 24 months old?
34 cm
30
What type of examination allows for evaluation of internal genital structures?
Rectal examination
31
Why is it important to clear fecal material from the rectum?
Allows probe electrodes to contact rectal mucosa.
32
How does a rectal exam aid in semen collection?
Pre-stimulation for electro-ejaculation
33
What are 4 parts of the internal male genital tract that can be palpated on a rectal exam?
- Ampulla
- Seminal vesicle
- Urethralis muscle
- Prostate
34
What part of the male internal genital tract feels like a broomstick on the floor of the pelvis?
What size is it?
- Urethralis muscle
| - 3 to 4 cm
35
What part of the male internal genital tract feels like a ring on a giant's finger?
Prostate
36
Which lobulated accessory sex gland that is located cranio-lateral to the prostate?
Seminal vesicles (vesicular glands)
37
What are 4 ways to describe the seminal vesicles (vesicular glands)?
- Paired
- Symmetrical
- Freely movable
- Non-painful
38
Which accessory sex gland is a thick walled tubular structure that lies along the midline between the seminal vesicles?
Ampulla
39
The ampulla are terminal dilations of what structure?
Ductus deferens
40
Where are the inguinal rings located?
Just cranial and ventrolateral to the pelvic brim.
41
The inguinal rings are slits in what muscles?
Abdominal oblique muscles
42
If the inguinal rings are greater than what size, the bull may be predisposed to what?
- 3 fingers
| - Predisposed to herniation
43
What are 3 methods of semen collection that can be used with bulls?
- Electro-ejaculation
- Manual massage
- AV collection
44
What method of semen collection is most often used with bulls?
Electro-ejaculation
45
What method of semen collection can be used in bulls that are refractory to electro-ejaculation?
Manual massage
46
What method of semen collection is used almost exclusively at bull stud operations?
AV collection
47
What are 4 grades for gross motility?
- Very good
- Good
- Fair
- Poor
48
What type of sample is used to evaluate gross motility of semen?
Undiluted drop of semen on warmed side on low power.
49
What type of sample is used to evaluate progressive motility of semen?
Small amount of semen diluted with saline with a cover slip placed on it evaluated on 40X.
50
How is progressive motility of semen measured?
Appoint a % number
51
What is the minimum acceptable percentage value for progressive motility in semen?
How does this compare to other species?
- 30%
| - Lowest seen in all species
52
In order to be considered progressive, the sperm must be moving in what direction?
Forward in a straight line
53
What kind of stain is used for evaluating the morphology of semen?
Eosin-nigrosin
54
Under what power should the morphology of semen be examined?
Oil 1000X
55
What are 3 classifications of morphology of semen?
- Normal
- Primary
- Secondary
56
What is the minimal acceptable percentage of normal morphology?
70%
57
What are 2 reasons for warming and cleaning a slide slide to be used for semen?
- Dries faster
| - Fewer smudges
58
Why is it important to use fresh E-N stain?
Old stain can be "contaminated" and has usually become hypertonic.
59
What do you put on the slide first, the stain or the semen?
Stain first, then semen
60
How many slides should be made?
2 or 3
61
The semen slide should be stained with Diff-Quik if what condition is suspected?
What are you looking for?
- Vesiculitis
| - WBCs
62
What are 3 systems that can be used to classify sperm abnormalities?
- Primary/secondary
- Major/minor
- Compensable/non-compensable
63
What type of morphology classification system denotes the origin of the defect?
Primary/secondary
64
Is a morphology defect that originates in the testis during spermatogenesis primary or secondary?
Primary
65
Which type of morphology defect is considered a "production problem," primary or secondary?
Primary
66
Which type of morphology defect usually involves head and middle piece, primary or secondary?
Primary
67
Which type of morphology defect originates in the epididymus, primary or secondary?
Secondary
68
Which type of morphology defect is considered a "transit defect," primary or secondary?
Secondary
69
Which type of morphology defects have been proven to be associated with infertility, major or minor?
Major
70
Which type of morphology defects are not associated with infertility?
Minor
71
What is a flaw with the major/minor morphology system?
A minor defect may affect 100% of a population of ejaculate.
72
What type of morphology defect is hereditary in Jerseys?
Distal mid-piece reflex
73
A morphology classification system where sperm defects are based upon the current understanding of the significance of the defect is what?
Compensable/non-compensable
74
What is a morphological defect that can be compensated for by additional normal sperm is considered what type of defect?
Compensable defect
75
What is an example of a compensable defect?
Bent tail spermatozoa
76
What is a morphological defect that will express as a decrease in fertility at the % level of its occurrence?
Non-compensable defect
77
With what type of morphological defect do the defective sperm compete directly with normal sperm to penetrate the ova and induce an acrosome reaction?
Non-compensable defect
78
Would increasing sperm numbers increase the chance of fertilization with a compensable defect?
Yes
79
Would increasing sperm numbers increase the chance of fertilization with a non-compensable defect?
No
80
What are 5 things that can increase the occurrence of abnormalities?
- Heat
- Illness
- Lameness
- Stress
- Genetics
81
Do you measure the volume of ejaculate collected from a bull when electro-ejaculation is used?
Why?
- No
| - Amount collected during electro-ejaculation is not the normal volume produced string regular ejaculation.
82
What are the 3 final classifications used for semen analysis?
- Satisfactory
- Unsatisfactory
- Deferred
83
When can semen be re-tested?
60 days
84
How many times can a bull's semen be deferred before is is deemed unsatisfactory?
Once
