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Theriogenology > Eutocia, Induction of Parturition > Flashcards

Eutocia, Induction of Parturition Flashcards

1
Q

What are 4 things that should be done 4-6 weeks prior to foaling?

A
  • Vaccinate
  • watch more frequently
  • Clean udder and legs
    Open Caslicks if present
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2
Q

What are 4 recommended vaccinations for the pregnant mare for?

A
  • EWT
  • WNV
  • EHV 1
  • EHV 4
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3
Q

What can result if a Caslick is not removed prior to parturition?

A

Recto-vaginal fistula/tear

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4
Q

What are the 3 best predictors for readiness for birth in the mare?

A
  • Udder formation with the presence of colostrum
  • Relaxation of cervix
  • Gestational age greater than 330 days
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5
Q

What are 5 signs that parturition might be occurring soon?

A
  • External conformation
  • Udder development 2-4 weeks prior
  • Cervical relaxation
  • Milk calcium test kit/strips
  • Milk electrolyte inversion
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6
Q

What are 3 signs of udder development to watch for?

A
  • Milk in teats 1-2 weeks prior
  • Waxing 24-48 hours prior
  • Dripping of milk
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7
Q

Is minor separation of the vulva normal close to parturition?

A

Yes

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8
Q

Cervical dilation favors what?

A

Shorter delivery time

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9
Q

What are 4 things that might be seen with an unrelaxed cervix?

A
  • Longer time from induction to delivery
  • Possible increase in intra-partum asphyxia
  • Longer time to stand and nurse
  • More complications such as placental separation and dystocia
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10
Q

What are 3 things to watch for with milk composition?

A
  • Inversion of Na+ and K+
  • Increase in Ca++
  • Changes in color/viscosity
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11
Q

Inversion of sodium and potassium indicates what?

A

Within 48 hours of parturition

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12
Q

“Foal Watch” should be used once a day until how many ppm are reached?
Then what?

A
  • 125 ppm

- Then test 2x per day

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13
Q

The best clinical use of the milk pH test is to predict what?

A

When a mare is NOT ready to foal.

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14
Q

Does pH increase or decrease near foaling?

A

Decreases

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15
Q

What type of mares may not have significant development or colostrum production?

A

Maiden mares

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16
Q

Restlessness, tail swishing, mild colic, sweating, fetus re-orients itself and cervix dilation can be seen with what stage of parturition?

A

Stage 1

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17
Q

Mare gets up and down, forceful abdominal contractions occur, appearance of amnion covered fetal limbs at vulva can be seen with what stage of parturition?

A

Stage 2

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18
Q

Mild colic signs can be seen with what stage of parturition?

A

Stage 3

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19
Q

Stage 1 of parturition ends with what?

A

Ends with rupture of chorioallantois

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20
Q

Stage 2 of parturition ends with what?

A

Ends with expulsion of fetus

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21
Q

Stage 3 of parturition ends with what?

A

Ends with passage of placenta

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22
Q

What are 5 things that should be done with the mare post-foaling?

A
  • Examine for twin
  • Examine for any trauma
  • Assess udder
  • Assess significance of any colic signs
  • Make sure placenta is expelled by about 3 hours
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23
Q

A mare is considered to have retained fetal membranes if the placenta has not been expelled by what time frame?

A

3 hours post-foaling

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24
Q

What are 3 reasons for performing induction in a mare?

A
  • Gestational abnormalities
  • Mare with previous dystocia or history of placental separation
  • Convenience
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25
Q

What are 2 examples of gestational abnormalities that would indicate the use of induction?

A
  • Rupture of pre-pubic tendon

- Hydrallantois

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26
Q

What are 4 complications that can be seen with the induction of parturition?

A
  • Dystocia
  • Premature placental separation
  • Fetal hypoxia
  • Dysmaturity
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27
Q

Fetal maturation is associated with what?

A

Increased adrenocortical activity

28
Q

When does increased adrenocoritcal activity occur in most species?
When does it occur in horses?

A
  • A few weeks prior to birth

- 24-48 hours before birth

29
Q

The foal needs to be what before the mare can be induced?

A

Foal needs to be mature

30
Q

An equine fetus is at much greater risk of what if delivered at an inappropriate time?

A

Dysmaturity/prematurity

31
Q

What are 6 things a foal needs in order to survive?

A
  • Functional lungs
  • Functional GI
  • Appropriate energy reserves
  • Ability to suck
  • Ability to swallow
  • Ability to maintain body temperature
32
Q

Oxytocin is released from the posterior pituitary secondary to what?

A

Ferguson’s reflex

33
Q

What are 2 important stimulants to myometrial contraction?

A
  • PGF2a

- Oxytocin

34
Q

Are steroids usually used as an induction agent in horses?

Why?

A
  • No

- Need high doses and prolonged treatment to be successful

35
Q

How long does it take for prostaglandin to induce parturition?

A

1-6 hours

36
Q

Prostaglandins may be useful in pre-treatment prior to what?

A

Oxytocin

37
Q

What are 2 side effects that can be seen with prostaglandin use at higher doses?

A
  • Sweating

- Mild colic

38
Q

What is the induction DOC in mares?

A

Oxytocin

39
Q

Foaling occurs within what time frame with oxytocin use?

A

Within 60 minutes

40
Q

What is the typical dose of oxytocin used to induce parturition?

A

10-20 IU IM once

41
Q

A higher dose of oxytocin may cause what?

A

Discomfort

42
Q

Which layer should be presented at he vulva?

A

Amnion

43
Q

If everything is going well, one should wait until what occurs before intervening?

A

Wait until umbilicus breaks

44
Q

A foal should be standing by when?

Nursing by when?

A
  • Standing within 1 hour

- Nursing within 2 hours

45
Q

How does a placenta often present after delivery?

A

Often turned inside out after delivery.

46
Q

When spread out, the placenta should form what shape?

A

Y or F shape

47
Q

What should be examined in the placenta?

A

Both allantoic and chorionic surfaces

48
Q

What is the normal umbilical cord length in a horse?

A

36-83 cm

49
Q

An umbilical cord weighing more than 12.5 lb. may be associated with what?

A

Associated with problems

50
Q

What is the normal weight of an umbilical cord?

A

About 11% of foal’s weight

51
Q

What are 2 things that make the fetus susceptible to torsion of the umbilical cord and to amnion covering the nostrils at birth?

A
  • Length of umbilical cord

- Non-union of amnion to chorioallantois

52
Q

What are 2 things that can occur if the umbilical cord is too long?

A
  • Hypoperfusion

- Wrapping around extremities

53
Q

What are 2 things that can happen in the umbilical cord is too short?

A
  • Premature placental separation

- Breaking of the cord

54
Q

Umbilical cord torsion has a greater chance if the cord is greater than what length?

A

Greater than 80 cm

55
Q

What are 3 things that can be seen with an umbilical cord torsion?

A
  • Area of demarcation
  • Compression of urachus
  • Degenerative changes to chorioallantois
56
Q

Compression of the urachus as a result of umbilical cord torsion can lead to what?

A

Bladder distention

57
Q

What are 4 degenerative changes to the chorioallantois that can be seen with umbilical cord torsion?

A
  • Mineralization
  • Vascular congestion
  • Hemorrhage
  • Thrombosis
58
Q

What is something that can be seen with a normal foal but an abnormally long umbilical cord?
Why?

A
  • Twisted umbilicus

- Excessive movement of normal foal can cause this

59
Q

What can happen to a yolk sac remnant?

A

Some become calcified

60
Q

Are lesions common on the amnion?

A

No

61
Q

Thickened cystic nodular areas can be seen with what condition?

A

Amnion nodosum

62
Q

How can too little amniotic fluid lead to amnion nodosum?

A

Fetus rubs on inner epithelial amnionic surface

63
Q

Hair and sebaceous material embedding in focally ulcerated amnion causing chronic proliferative changes can lead to what condition?

A

Amnion nodosum

64
Q

What is a possible inciting cause for amnion nodosum?

A

Primary urinary system problems in the foal.

65
Q

Concentric to diffuse firm whitish colored lesions that seem to radiate from blood vessels but are not associated with vascular changes are called what?

A

Enigmatic localized mineralization

66
Q

Are enigmatic localized mineralizations usually related to infectious placentitis?

A

No

67
Q

What does enigmatic localized mineralization resemble?

A

“Lichen growing on dead wood”

Theriogenology (37 decks)

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