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Theriogenology > Canine Postpartum Reproductive Diseases > Flashcards

Canine Postpartum Reproductive Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What are 4 reasons for veterinary involvement in obstetrics?

A
  • Timely intervention
  • To increase live birth (minimize still births)
  • To minimize morbidity and mortality in the dam
  • To promote increased survival of neonates during the first week of life
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2
Q

Placental sites from previous pregnancies can be seen in what species?

A

Dog

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3
Q

Inflammation of the entire uterus is known as what?

A

Metritis

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4
Q

Metritis includes what layers of the uterus?

A
  • Endometrium

- Myometrium

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5
Q

What are 3 clinical signs of systemic illness that can be seen with metritis?

A
  • Fever
  • Depression
  • Purulent vulvar discharge
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6
Q

What are 4 diagnostic methods that can be used to diagnose metritis?

A
  • CBC
  • Vaginal cytology
  • Culture
  • US
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7
Q

What do you treat metritis with?

A

PGF2a

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8
Q

If the uterine wall is less than 1-2 mm thick, what should be avoided due to the risk of rupturing the uterus?

A

Ecbolics

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9
Q

What are 2 forms of supportive therapy that can be used with metritis?

A
  • Fluids

- Antibiotics

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10
Q

Pyometra is considered what type of disease?

A

Diestral disease

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11
Q

Pyometra occurs during what phase?

A

Progesterone phase

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12
Q

When is pyometra usually seen in the bitch?

In the queen?

A
  • 60-90 days post-estrus

- Anytime in the queen

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13
Q

Is pyometra more commonly seen in younger or older females?

A

Older

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14
Q

What is a common media reason for spaying females not intended for breeding?

A

Pyometra

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15
Q

Pyometra may be associated with what condition?

A

Cystic endometrial hyperplasia

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16
Q

What does CEHMP stand for?

A

Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia - Metrisi Pyometra complex

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17
Q

Estrogen receptors are normally down-regulated by what?

A

Increasing P4 in diestrus

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18
Q

What does progesterone stimulate?

A

Proliferation and secretion of endometrial glands

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19
Q

What is usually defective in a dog with cystic endometrial hyperplasia?

A

Normal down-regulation of estrogen receptors due to increasing P4 may be defective.

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20
Q

Dogs with cystic endometrial hyperplasia get prolonged effects of what?
What does this do?

A
  • Prolonged effects of E2 on endometrium

- Increases number of P4 receptors entering the female into diestrus

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21
Q

Which organism is most commonly involved with cystic endometrial hyperplasia?

A

E. coli

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22
Q

Which type of pyometra is less severely ill, open or closed?

A

Open

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23
Q

With which type of pyometra do you see copious red-brown to yellow-green foul smelling vulvar discharge, open or closed?

A

Open

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24
Q

With which type of pyometra do you see abdominal swelling, open or closed?

A

Closed

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25
Q

Depression with pyometra is most often seen with what?

A

Toxemia

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26
Q

What can lead to PU/PD with pyometra?

A

Endotoxins from E. coli

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27
Q

What are 3 diagnostic techniques for pyometra?

A
  • Abdominal palpation
  • Radiography
  • US
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28
Q

What is the treatment of choice for both open and closed pyometra?
What needs to be done first?

A
  • OHE

- Need to stabilize first

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29
Q

What is a medical therapy option for pyometra?

This can only be used with which type of pyometra?

A
  • PGF2a (Lutalyse or Estrumate)

- Open

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30
Q

What does PGF2a cause when used for pyometra?

A

Causes smooth muscles contraction for uterine evacuation.

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31
Q

How long should PGF2a injections be used when treating for pyometra?

A

Continue until progesterone is baseline and uterine contents are gone as seen on US.

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32
Q

What are 5 possible side effects that can be seen with PGF2a use?

A
  • Panting
  • Salivation
  • Vomiting
  • Defecation
  • Vocalization (queens)
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33
Q

When should a culture be done with a pyometra?

A

Once cervix is open and discharging.

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34
Q

What are 3 recommendations for a breeding bitch?

A
  • Breed starting early
  • Don’t miss a cycle
  • Spay when done breeding
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35
Q

The incidence of uterine prolapse is increased with what?

A

Dystocia

36
Q

How does a uterine prolapse clinically present?

A

Firm tubular mass protruding form the vulva.

37
Q

When does a uterine prolapse typically occur in a dog?

A

During or following parturition

38
Q

What is the treatment for a uterine prolapse?

A

OHE

39
Q

A vaginal prolapse where you may see the floor of the vagina or may not see it at all is what type?

A

Type 1

40
Q

A vaginal prolapse where you see the floor and walls through the vulva, which looks pear-shaped, is what type?

A

Type 2

41
Q

A vaginal prolapse where you see the entire vaginal circumference, which looks like a doughnut), is what type?

A

Type 3

42
Q

A vaginal prolapse in a bitch should regress after what occurs?
What can be given to include this?

A
  • Ovulation

- GnRH or hCG

43
Q

What needs to be done with a vaginal prolapse while waiting for it to regress?

A

Keep it clean and moist

44
Q

What are 2 surgical options for treating a vaginal prolapse?

A
  • Purse-string suture

- OHE or ovariectomy (remove hormone source)

45
Q

What hormone are vaginal prolapsed associated with?

A

Estrogen

46
Q

What are 4 differentials for tissue protruding from the vulva?

A
  • Vaginal neoplasia
  • Vaginal hyperplasia
  • Vestibular mass (abscess)
  • Intersex (enlarged clitoris)
47
Q

What are 5 differentials for perineal masses?

A
  • Tumors
  • Abscess
  • Hematomas
  • Seromas
  • Vaginal Leiomyoma
48
Q

What is the usual treatment for a perineal mass?

A

Treat with surgical debridement then obliterate the space the mass was lying in.

49
Q

The clinical signs of fever and leukocytosis along with enlarged, hot and painful glands is indicative of what?

A

Mastitis

50
Q

What are 3 common causative agents of mastitis?

A
  • Coliforms
  • Strep
  • Staph
51
Q

What are 4 ways to supportive care/treatment methods for mastitis?

A
  • Hot pack
  • Strip abnormal milk
  • NSAIDs (carprofen)
  • Antibiotics (clavamox or chloramphenicol)
52
Q

What should be done with a gangrenous gland?

A

Surgically remove dead or gangrenous gland

53
Q

Spontaneous flow of milk from a mammary gland unassociated with pregnancy is known as what?

A

Galactorrhea

54
Q

Galactorrhea occurs in response to what?

When can this be seen?

A
  • Decreasing P4 stimulation

- 2-3 months after estrus and 3-4 days after diestrual OHE

55
Q

What is a normal phenomenon that can be seen in an intact bitch?

A

Galactorrhea

56
Q

Does galactorrhea predispose a bitch to disease of the reproductive tract?

A

No

57
Q

Spontaneous development of the mammary gland with discharge that is clear with no milk is seen with what condition?

A

False pregnancy

58
Q

Is treatment usually necessary with a false pregnancy in a dog?

A

No

59
Q

How long can false pregnancies last?

A

May last up to 6 weeks

60
Q

What can be used to dry up secretions seen with a false pregnancy in a dog?

A

Cabergoline

61
Q

What is the second most common tumor type in a dog?

A

Mammary neoplasia

62
Q

What are 3 brand categories of malignant tumors in dogs?

A
  • Carcinomas
  • Mixed malignant tumors
  • Sarcomas
63
Q

What is the most common benign tumor seen in a dog?

A

Benign mixed mammary tumor

64
Q

The presence of a benign mammary tumor increases the chance of what?

A

Developing a malignant mass

65
Q

Intact female dogs have what risk of developing mammary tumors compared to a spayed dog?

A

7 times greater risk

66
Q

What is the risk of developing malignant tumors if the dog is spayed before her first estrous cycle?

A

0.5%

67
Q

What is the risk of developing malignant tumors if the dog is spayed after her first estrous cycle?

A

8%

68
Q

What is the risk of developing malignant tumors if the dog is spayed after her second estrous cycle?

A

26%

69
Q

OHE is not an effective preventative method for development of malignant tumors in female dogs after what point?

A
  • Greater than 2.5 years of age or has cycled more than twice
70
Q

What are 2 common locations of metastasis seen with mammary neoplasia in dogs?

A
  • Lungs

- Lymph nodes

71
Q

How is diagnosis of mammary usually made?

A

Surgical excision then staging conducted at laboratory

72
Q

What is the recommended treatment for mammary neoplasia in the dog?

A

Surgery

73
Q

What can be used as an adjunctive therapy with surgery as a treatment form mammary neoplasia?

A

Chemotherapy

74
Q

What is the prognosis for mammary neoplasia?

A

Good

75
Q

Survival of mammary neoplasia 2 years after diagnosis is more common if what 4 factors are present?

A
  • Benign
  • Slow growth rate
  • Small tumor size
  • Lack of local infiltration
76
Q

Eclampsia is seen with what?

A

Hypocalcemia

77
Q

Hypocalcemia/eclampsia occurs primary in what type of dogs?

A

Small nervous breeds

78
Q

Is hypocalcemia/eclampsia heritable?

A

Hereditary in some lines

79
Q

What are 7 progressive clinical signs seen with hypocalcemia/eclampsia?

A
  • Panting
  • Pacing
  • Muscle tremors
  • Ataxia
  • Hyperthermia (106-108F)
  • Tonic-clonic convulsions
  • Death
80
Q

What are 3 aspects of treatment for hypocalcemia/eclampsia?

A
  • IV calcium gluconate given to effect
  • Oral calcium supplements for maintenance
  • Wean the pups if possible
81
Q

What does SIPS stand for?

A

Sub-involution of placental sites

82
Q

Sub-involution of placental sites can lead to what clinical sign?

A

Persistent uterine bleeding

83
Q

Where can erosions be seen with SIPS?

A

In endometrium

84
Q

What can be seen histologically in the lesions seen with SIPS?

A

Multinuclear giant cells (trophoblast cells)

85
Q

T/F: SIPS is usually self-limiting.

A

True

86
Q

What can be used to try and treat SIPS?

A

PGF2a

87
Q

SIPS is not related to what 2 conditions?

A
  • Postpartum metritis

- Future infertility

Theriogenology (37 decks)

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