Diseases of the Bull Flashcards
What muscles need to be relaxed in order for an erection to occur in a bull?
Retractor muscles
Do bulls have a small or large corpus spongiosum?
Small
Do bulls have a small or large corpus cavernosum?
Large
What are 3 juvenile conditions of the penis and prepuce seen in bulls?
- Penile papilloma (warts)
- Penile hair rings
- Persistent frenulum
What is the etiology of penile papilloma (warts) in bulls?
What are 2 ways it can be introduced to bulls?
- Bovine papilloma virus
- Homosexual riding among young bulls and wounds
What are 3 clinical signs that can be seen with penile papilloma (warts)?
- Scant hemorrhage after coitus
- Hesitancy to extend penis or breed
- Usually single, pedunculate growth
What is the treatment for penile papilloma (warts) in bulls?
Surgical excision
What are 4 components of surgical treatment for penile papilloma (warts)?
- Towel clamp
- Tourniquet
- Local anesthetic
- 10 Fr. male dog catheter
What are 2 complications that can be seen with penile papilloma (warts)?
- Recurrence
- Urethral injury
What part of the penis was a ligament that can be clamped on to with a tool clamp to help secure it?
Dorsal portion
What is the etiology for penile hair rings?
How can they occur?
- Body hair accumulation on penis
- Homosexual riding among young bulls
What is the treatment for penile hair rings?
Remove the hair ring
What are 2 complications that can be seen with penile hair rings?
- Necrosis of urethra which can lead to a fistula
- Amputation of glans penis
What is the etiology of the persistent frenulum?
Incomplete separation of the penis and prepuce.
Can a penis be extended with a persistent frenulum?
Yes
How does a penis with a persistent frenulum deviate?
Ventral deviation
How do you diagnose a persistent frenulum?
Physical exam
How do you treat a persistent frenulum?
Surgical excision
What are 3 components of surgical treatment for a persistent frenulum?
- Towel clamp
- Local anesthetic
- Suture
Is persistent frenulum a heritable condition?
Yes
What is the minimal required motility for bulls?
30%
What are 3 conditions that can lead to preputial trauma and/or laceration?
- Excessive pendulous sheath
- Excessive preputial length
- Large preputial orifice
What are 3 components to diagnosing preputial trauma or lacerations?
- Swelling of sheath
- History
- Clinical signs
What are 3 differentials for preputial trauma or laceration?
- Hematoma
- Retropreputial abscess
- Urethral rupture
Which type of cattle is more prone to preputial trauma and lacerations, Bos indices or Bos taurus?
Bos indicus
When examining sheath conformation, the sheath should be above a line horizontal to the ground between what two body parts on the bull?
Between the carpus and tarsus.
What are 6 steps to how a preputial laceration can occur in a bull?
- Excess prepuce forced caudally during intromission
- Forms collar tissue
- Trapped between bull’s abdomen and cow’s bony pelvis
- Laceration on ventral surface occurs during ejaculatory lunge
- Lacerates longitudinal to long axis of prepuce
- Heals transversely as bull retracts penis
What are 2 treatment options for a preputial laceration?
- Medical
- Surgical
What are 3 forms of conservative therapy for preputial lacerations in bulls?
- Clean damaged tissues
- Emollient ointment
- Bandaging and slings
What are 3 ingredients used in an emollient ointment for the treatment of preputial lacerations?
- 2 g tetracycline powder
- 60 mL scarlet oil
- 500 g anhydrous lanolin
What are 3 pre-surgical therapies for preputial lacerations?
- Reduce edema
- Emollient ointment
- Prophylactic antibiotics
What are 3 ways to reduce edema with preputial lacerations?
- Hydrotherapy
- Pressure bandage
- Slinging prepuce with burlap material
What are 3 surgical options for the management of preputial lacerations?
- Resection and anastomosis (circumcision)
- Amputation of affected prepuce
- Preputial reconstruction
What are 4 keys to successful treatment of preputial lacerations with resection and anastomosis?
- Aseptic technique
- Hemostasis
- Avoid urine contamination
- Keep tissue happy
How long should bulls be sexually rested post-op after resection and anastomosis surgery for preputial lacerations?
60-120 days
What is the guideline for the maximum amount of prepuce that can be removed via resection and anastomosis?
Remaining prepuce should be a minimum of 1 1/2 times the length of the free portion of the penis.
What can be used for preputial amputation?
Plastic ring
What are 4 aspects of using a plastic ring for preputial amputation?
- Polyvinyl tubing placed into preputial prolapse
- Ligating sutures
- Amputate prepuce
- Remove ring in 2 weeks
What is the minimal require normal morphology for bulls?
70%
Are penile hematomas more common in Bos indices or Bos taurus?
Specifically what breed?
- Bos taurus
- Herefords
When are penile hematomas more common during the breeding season?
Early or late in breeding season
How do penile hematomas usually occur?
- Bull misses vagina on breeding thrust
- Penis hits rear of cow or cow slips or goes down under weight of bull
- Penis bends rapidly
How much pressure is required to rupture the tunica albuginea of the penis of a bull?
75,000 mmHg
Where is the rupture usually located with a penile hematoma?
What muscle inserts here?
- Ruptures at dorsal aspect of distal bend of sigmoid flexure.
- Insertion of retractor penis muscle
What are 2 clinical signs seen with a penile hematoma?
- Swelling in sheath immediately cranial to base of scrotum
- Usually symmetrical swelling
What are 3 ways to diagnose a penile hematoma?
- History
- Physical exam
- Location and size of swelling
What are 2 forms of treatment for a penile hematoma?
- Conservative/medical
- Surgical
How long should a bull be sexually rested for with a penile hematoma?
At least 60 days
What are 2 forms of medical treatment for a penile hematoma?
- Systemic antibiotics
- Hydrotherapy
What percentage of bulls return to service after a penile hematoma?
50%
When should surgery be performed for a penile hematoma?
If done in this time frame, what percent return to service?
- 3 to 7 days after injury
- 80%
Bulls treated surgically for penile hematomas should be sexually rested for how many days?
Minimum of 60 days
What is a suture pattern that can be used to surgically repair a penile hematoma?
Bootlace pattern
Where is a common location for a preputial avulsion?
Prepuce torn from connection to free portion of penis.
Preputial avulsions can be seen when what type of breeding tool is used?
AV injury
What are 3 types of penile deviations seen in bulls?
- S-shaped deviation
- Rainbow/ventral deviation
- Corkscrew or spiral deviation
What type of penile deviation can happen when the apical ligament is too short?
S-shaped deviation
What type of penile deviation can happen when the apical ligament is too long?
Rainbow/ventral deviation
What type of penile deviation can happen when the apical ligament cannot be maintained in a normal position?
Corkscrew or spiral deviation
How can penile deviations be diagnosed?
Test mating
What is a treatment for penile deviation?
Surgery
What is the most common sex gland to get infections in a bull?
Vesicular glands
Is vesiculitis more common in younger or older bulls?
Young bulls
What are 3 common bacterial causes of vesiculitis in bulls?
- B. abortus
- A. pyogenes
- H. somnus
What are 2 clinical signs of vesiculitis that can be detected on palpation?
- Painful
- Loss of lobulation
How is vesiculitis diagnosed?
Collection and stain diff-quick to look for WBCs.
What is a type of antibiotic that can be used to try to treat vesiculitis?
Tetracyclines
Is epididymitis more commonly unilateral or bilateral?
Unilateral
Epididymitis can often be seen with what 2 other conditions?
- Vesiculitis
- Orchitis
What are 3 clinical signs seen with epididymitis?
- Swollen
- Painful early in disease
- Small, hard, misshapen
What are 2 type of bacteria that can cause epididymitis?
- A. pyogenes
- B. abortus
How can epididymitis be diagnosed?
Collect a sample and use diff-quick to look for WBCs
What type of antibiotic can be used for epididymitis?
Tetracyclines
