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Theriogenology > Diseases of the Bull > Flashcards

Diseases of the Bull Flashcards

1
Q

What muscles need to be relaxed in order for an erection to occur in a bull?

A

Retractor muscles

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2
Q

Do bulls have a small or large corpus spongiosum?

A

Small

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3
Q

Do bulls have a small or large corpus cavernosum?

A

Large

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4
Q

What are 3 juvenile conditions of the penis and prepuce seen in bulls?

A
  • Penile papilloma (warts)
  • Penile hair rings
  • Persistent frenulum
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5
Q

What is the etiology of penile papilloma (warts) in bulls?

What are 2 ways it can be introduced to bulls?

A
  • Bovine papilloma virus

- Homosexual riding among young bulls and wounds

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6
Q

What are 3 clinical signs that can be seen with penile papilloma (warts)?

A
  • Scant hemorrhage after coitus
  • Hesitancy to extend penis or breed
  • Usually single, pedunculate growth
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7
Q

What is the treatment for penile papilloma (warts) in bulls?

A

Surgical excision

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8
Q

What are 4 components of surgical treatment for penile papilloma (warts)?

A
  • Towel clamp
  • Tourniquet
  • Local anesthetic
  • 10 Fr. male dog catheter
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9
Q

What are 2 complications that can be seen with penile papilloma (warts)?

A
  • Recurrence

- Urethral injury

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10
Q

What part of the penis was a ligament that can be clamped on to with a tool clamp to help secure it?

A

Dorsal portion

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11
Q

What is the etiology for penile hair rings?

How can they occur?

A
  • Body hair accumulation on penis

- Homosexual riding among young bulls

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12
Q

What is the treatment for penile hair rings?

A

Remove the hair ring

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13
Q

What are 2 complications that can be seen with penile hair rings?

A
  • Necrosis of urethra which can lead to a fistula

- Amputation of glans penis

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14
Q

What is the etiology of the persistent frenulum?

A

Incomplete separation of the penis and prepuce.

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15
Q

Can a penis be extended with a persistent frenulum?

A

Yes

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16
Q

How does a penis with a persistent frenulum deviate?

A

Ventral deviation

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17
Q

How do you diagnose a persistent frenulum?

A

Physical exam

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18
Q

How do you treat a persistent frenulum?

A

Surgical excision

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19
Q

What are 3 components of surgical treatment for a persistent frenulum?

A
  • Towel clamp
  • Local anesthetic
  • Suture
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20
Q

Is persistent frenulum a heritable condition?

A

Yes

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21
Q

What is the minimal required motility for bulls?

A

30%

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22
Q

What are 3 conditions that can lead to preputial trauma and/or laceration?

A
  • Excessive pendulous sheath
  • Excessive preputial length
  • Large preputial orifice
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23
Q

What are 3 components to diagnosing preputial trauma or lacerations?

A
  • Swelling of sheath
  • History
  • Clinical signs
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24
Q

What are 3 differentials for preputial trauma or laceration?

A
  • Hematoma
  • Retropreputial abscess
  • Urethral rupture
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25
Q

Which type of cattle is more prone to preputial trauma and lacerations, Bos indices or Bos taurus?

A

Bos indicus

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26
Q

When examining sheath conformation, the sheath should be above a line horizontal to the ground between what two body parts on the bull?

A

Between the carpus and tarsus.

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27
Q

What are 6 steps to how a preputial laceration can occur in a bull?

A
  • Excess prepuce forced caudally during intromission
  • Forms collar tissue
  • Trapped between bull’s abdomen and cow’s bony pelvis
  • Laceration on ventral surface occurs during ejaculatory lunge
  • Lacerates longitudinal to long axis of prepuce
  • Heals transversely as bull retracts penis
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28
Q

What are 2 treatment options for a preputial laceration?

A
  • Medical

- Surgical

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29
Q

What are 3 forms of conservative therapy for preputial lacerations in bulls?

A
  • Clean damaged tissues
  • Emollient ointment
  • Bandaging and slings
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30
Q

What are 3 ingredients used in an emollient ointment for the treatment of preputial lacerations?

A
  • 2 g tetracycline powder
  • 60 mL scarlet oil
  • 500 g anhydrous lanolin
31
Q

What are 3 pre-surgical therapies for preputial lacerations?

A
  • Reduce edema
  • Emollient ointment
  • Prophylactic antibiotics
32
Q

What are 3 ways to reduce edema with preputial lacerations?

A
  • Hydrotherapy
  • Pressure bandage
  • Slinging prepuce with burlap material
33
Q

What are 3 surgical options for the management of preputial lacerations?

A
  • Resection and anastomosis (circumcision)
  • Amputation of affected prepuce
  • Preputial reconstruction
34
Q

What are 4 keys to successful treatment of preputial lacerations with resection and anastomosis?

A
  • Aseptic technique
  • Hemostasis
  • Avoid urine contamination
  • Keep tissue happy
35
Q

How long should bulls be sexually rested post-op after resection and anastomosis surgery for preputial lacerations?

A

60-120 days

36
Q

What is the guideline for the maximum amount of prepuce that can be removed via resection and anastomosis?

A

Remaining prepuce should be a minimum of 1 1/2 times the length of the free portion of the penis.

37
Q

What can be used for preputial amputation?

A

Plastic ring

38
Q

What are 4 aspects of using a plastic ring for preputial amputation?

A
  • Polyvinyl tubing placed into preputial prolapse
  • Ligating sutures
  • Amputate prepuce
  • Remove ring in 2 weeks
39
Q

What is the minimal require normal morphology for bulls?

A

70%

40
Q

Are penile hematomas more common in Bos indices or Bos taurus?
Specifically what breed?

A
  • Bos taurus

- Herefords

41
Q

When are penile hematomas more common during the breeding season?

A

Early or late in breeding season

42
Q

How do penile hematomas usually occur?

A
  • Bull misses vagina on breeding thrust
  • Penis hits rear of cow or cow slips or goes down under weight of bull
  • Penis bends rapidly
43
Q

How much pressure is required to rupture the tunica albuginea of the penis of a bull?

A

75,000 mmHg

44
Q

Where is the rupture usually located with a penile hematoma?
What muscle inserts here?

A
  • Ruptures at dorsal aspect of distal bend of sigmoid flexure.
  • Insertion of retractor penis muscle
45
Q

What are 2 clinical signs seen with a penile hematoma?

A
  • Swelling in sheath immediately cranial to base of scrotum

- Usually symmetrical swelling

46
Q

What are 3 ways to diagnose a penile hematoma?

A
  • History
  • Physical exam
  • Location and size of swelling
47
Q

What are 2 forms of treatment for a penile hematoma?

A
  • Conservative/medical

- Surgical

48
Q

How long should a bull be sexually rested for with a penile hematoma?

A

At least 60 days

49
Q

What are 2 forms of medical treatment for a penile hematoma?

A
  • Systemic antibiotics

- Hydrotherapy

50
Q

What percentage of bulls return to service after a penile hematoma?

A

50%

51
Q

When should surgery be performed for a penile hematoma?

If done in this time frame, what percent return to service?

A
  • 3 to 7 days after injury

- 80%

52
Q

Bulls treated surgically for penile hematomas should be sexually rested for how many days?

A

Minimum of 60 days

53
Q

What is a suture pattern that can be used to surgically repair a penile hematoma?

A

Bootlace pattern

54
Q

Where is a common location for a preputial avulsion?

A

Prepuce torn from connection to free portion of penis.

55
Q

Preputial avulsions can be seen when what type of breeding tool is used?

A

AV injury

56
Q

What are 3 types of penile deviations seen in bulls?

A
  • S-shaped deviation
  • Rainbow/ventral deviation
  • Corkscrew or spiral deviation
57
Q

What type of penile deviation can happen when the apical ligament is too short?

A

S-shaped deviation

58
Q

What type of penile deviation can happen when the apical ligament is too long?

A

Rainbow/ventral deviation

59
Q

What type of penile deviation can happen when the apical ligament cannot be maintained in a normal position?

A

Corkscrew or spiral deviation

60
Q

How can penile deviations be diagnosed?

A

Test mating

61
Q

What is a treatment for penile deviation?

A

Surgery

62
Q

What is the most common sex gland to get infections in a bull?

A

Vesicular glands

63
Q

Is vesiculitis more common in younger or older bulls?

A

Young bulls

64
Q

What are 3 common bacterial causes of vesiculitis in bulls?

A
  • B. abortus
  • A. pyogenes
  • H. somnus
65
Q

What are 2 clinical signs of vesiculitis that can be detected on palpation?

A
  • Painful

- Loss of lobulation

66
Q

How is vesiculitis diagnosed?

A

Collection and stain diff-quick to look for WBCs.

67
Q

What is a type of antibiotic that can be used to try to treat vesiculitis?

A

Tetracyclines

68
Q

Is epididymitis more commonly unilateral or bilateral?

A

Unilateral

69
Q

Epididymitis can often be seen with what 2 other conditions?

A
  • Vesiculitis

- Orchitis

70
Q

What are 3 clinical signs seen with epididymitis?

A
  • Swollen
  • Painful early in disease
  • Small, hard, misshapen
71
Q

What are 2 type of bacteria that can cause epididymitis?

A
  • A. pyogenes

- B. abortus

72
Q

How can epididymitis be diagnosed?

A

Collect a sample and use diff-quick to look for WBCs

73
Q

What type of antibiotic can be used for epididymitis?

A

Tetracyclines

Theriogenology (37 decks)

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