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Theriogenology > Bovine Non-Infectious Infertility > Flashcards

Bovine Non-Infectious Infertility Flashcards

1
Q

How long does uterine involution typically take?

A

25-50 days, beef cows are shorter than dairy.

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2
Q

What lochia?

A

Blood-tinged fluid, tissue and debris.

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3
Q

What are 3 things that occur during uterine involution?

A

Lochia is expelled
Caruncles slough off (vasoconstriction causes necrosis)
Endometrial epithelium repairs

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4
Q

What are 6 factors affecting uterine involution?

A 
Systemic factors
Retained fetal membranes
Negative energy balance
Local factors
Inflammation
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5
Q

Why does a beef cow’s uterus involute faster than a dairy cow?

A

Because they have their calves with them which causes increased release of oxytocin.

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6
Q

How does inflammation affect uterine involution?

A

Too much inflammation will inhibit the expulsion, but you need a little bit to help get rid of what needs to go.

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7
Q

Why is manual removal of retained fetal membranes not the best option?

A

Because it breaks the interdigitations which can cause bleeding.

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8
Q

What hormones can you use as ecbolics to treat retained fetal membranes?

A

PGF2a (questionable value though)

Oxytocin (causes uterine contractions)

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9
Q

What is metritis?

A

Severe inflammation involving all layers of the uterus WITHIN 21 days of calving.

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10
Q

What is endometritis?

A

Inflammation of the endometrium, extending no deeper and occurring at least 21 days post-calving.

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11
Q

What clinical sign do you expect to see with metritis?

A

A fetid red-brown watery uterine discharge.

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12
Q

What is another name for puerperal metritis?

A

Systemic metritis.

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13
Q

What are clinical signs of puerperal metritis?

A

Pyrexia, with dullness, inappetence/anorexia, tachycardia and dehydration.

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14
Q

How is metritis diagnosed?

A

Large uterus within 21 days post-calving, +/- pyrexia.

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15
Q

How do you treat metritis?

A

Systemic abx like Ceftiofur

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16
Q

What abx is labeled for treating metritis and what kind of milk withdrawal time does it have?

A

Ceftiofur is labeled for metritis. It was NO milk withdrawal time.

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17
Q

When treating food animals with abx, what do you ALWAYS need to make sure you do?

A

Use the abx that is labelled for the problem and use it EXACTLY as described on the bottle.

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18
Q

Do we do uterine lavage in food animals?

A

HELL NO! ore of a uterine evacuation, but French hates lavage.

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19
Q

What causes endometritis?

A

During parturition, the mechanical barriers that protect the uterus from contamination is breached.

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20
Q

What are the clinical signs of endometritis?

A

Purulent discharge in the vagina 21+ days post-calving.

21
Q

What are 3 ways you can diagnose endometritis?

A

Rectal palp
Transrectal ultrasound
Examining the vaginal contents

22
Q

What are 3 ways to get samples of the vaginal contents when trying to confirm endoetritis?

A

Gloved hand
Speculum
Metricheck device

23
Q

What finding must you have to confirm diagnosis of endometritis?

A

Mucopurulent material in vagina after 26 days post-partum

24
Q

Why do we never put antibiotics into a cow’s uterus?

A

Because nothing is labeled for intrauterine use, so we would have no idea of the withdrawal period.

25
Q

What is important to note about using systemic abx to treat endometritis?

A

They would all be off label.

26
Q

How might using hormones like PGF2a and oxytocin help treat endometritis?

A

They help expel things from the uterus.

27
Q

What are the 3 main characteristics of a pyometra?

A

Purulent exudate in the uterus
Presence of a CL
No estrus

28
Q

How does a pyometra occur in a cow?

A

Occurs when metritis, endometritis, lochia or other contents are present and ovulation occurs resulting in a CL.

29
Q

How do you diagnose a pyometra in a cow?

A

Hx of unobserved estrus or via rectal exam

30
Q

If a cow has a pyometra, what will you feel on rectal palpation, and what else could it be?

A

Feel a thin-walled, fluid filled uterus. Could also be pregnant so must differentiate.

31
Q

How do you treat pyometra in a cow?

A

Remove the CL with PGF2a

32
Q

What is true anestrus?

A

Insufficient hormonal stimulus

33
Q

What 3 factors affect true anestrus?

A

Nutrition
Stress
Pathology

34
Q

What is apparent anestrus?

A

Failure to detect estrus or failure to know that she’s pregnant.

35
Q

What is a freemartin?

A

An intersex cow. A masculinization of the female in a male/female twin situation.

36
Q

How do you diagnose a freemartin?

A

Probe the vagina, it will be 1/3 the length of a normal vagina. Can also PCR or karyotype looking for presence of Y chromosome.

37
Q

How long is post-partum anestrus?

A

3-5 weeks

38
Q

What are 4 causes of post-partum anestrus?

A

Metritis
Poor nutrition
High producing dairy cows
Lactational anestrus

39
Q

What is post-service anestrus?

A

The cow was cycling and bred, then never cycled again.

40
Q

What is usualyl the cause of post-service anestrus?

A

Poor nutrition

41
Q

What is the deffinition of an ovarian follicular cyst?

A

Thin walled, fluid filled structure >25mm with an absence of luteal tissue that persists for at least 10 days.

42
Q

What is the primary sign of an ovarian follicular cyst?

A

Anestrus

43
Q

What is the current theory on the signs seen with ovarian follicular cysts?

A

The hypothalamus becomes refractory to the estrogen produced by the follicle, resulting in no LH surge and therefore not ovulation.

44
Q

How does an ovarian follicular cyst develop?

A

A dominant follicle reaches ovulatory size, but doesn’t ovulate. Growth continues until it’s cystic.

45
Q

What percentage of cows with ovarian follicular cysts show anestrus?

A

80%

46
Q

How can you differentiate an ovarian follicular cyst from a dominant follicle on ultrasound?

A

Luteal tissue of a dominant follicle would be hyperechoic around the outside.

47
Q

What used to be the treatment for ovarian follicular cysts?

A

Manual rupture

48
Q

What is the treatment now for ovarian follicular cysts?

A

CIDR for 7 days

Theriogenology (37 decks)

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