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Theriogenology > Reproductive Endocrinology > Flashcards

Reproductive Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a simple neural reflex?

A

Nerves that release simple neurotransmitters directly onto the target tissue.

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2
Q

What is a neuroendocrine reflex?

A

Needs a neurohormone to enter blood and act at a remote location.

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3
Q

What is the neural control center for repro hormones?

A

Hypothalamus/pituitary

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4
Q

What organ deposits neurohormones directly into circulation?

A

Posterior pituitary

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5
Q

What regulates GnRH?

A

Male: Tonic center
Female: Tonic and Surge centers

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6
Q

What quantity of repro hormones do you need?

A

Small quanitities

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7
Q

How long are repro hormone half-lives?

A

Short

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8
Q

Where does GnRH come from?

A

Hypothalamic nuclei

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9
Q

Where do FSH, LH and prolactin come from?

A

Anterior Pituitary

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10
Q

Where does Oxytocin come from?

A

Posterior pituitary

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11
Q

Which repro hormones are a peptide?

A

GnRH

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12
Q

Which repro hormones are a glycoprotein?

A

FSH
LH
Inhibin

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13
Q

Which repro hormones are steroids?

A

Progesterone
Testosterone
Estradiol

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14
Q

What does PGF2a do?

A

Lyses the corpus luteum

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15
Q

What does PGE2 do?

A

Relaxes the cervix

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16
Q

How do protein hormones cause their actions?

A

Bind to plasma membrane bound receptors

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17
Q

How do steroid hormones cause their actions?

A

Travel freely through the plasma membrane into the cytoplasm and bind to the specific nuclear receptors

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18
Q

What does binding of hormones result in?

A

New protein synthesis

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19
Q

What are two functions of pheromones?

A

Influence the onset of puberty

Lets the male know who is in heat

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20
Q

What 4 things affect the strength of a hormone?

A

Pattern and duration of secretion
Half-life
Receptor density (this is really important)
Receptor-hormone affinity

NOTE: We can play with receptor-hormone affinity to make synthetic hormones that bind better than the natural hormone.

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21
Q

What are3 different patterns and duration of secretion?

A

Episodic
Basal
Sustained

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22
Q

What is Episodic secretion?

A

Burst or pulse

NOTE: generally associated with hormones under nervous control.

23
Q

What is Basal secretion?

A

Secretion stays low, but fluctuates with low amplitude pulses.

24
Q

What is Sustained secretion?

A

Hormone remains elevated, but in a steady fashion for a long period.

NOTE: Steroids tend to be secreted this way.

25
Q

Where are steroids metabolized and excreted?

A

Metabolized: Liver
Excreted: Urine and feces

26
Q

What organ is usually larger in high producing dairy cows?

A

Livers

27
Q

Why can pregnancy tests be a urine test?

A

Because the protein hormones (eg. hCG) are metabolized in the liver and excreted by the kidneys.

28
Q

What is estrus?

A

“Heat” or secual receptivity

29
Q

What is estrous?

A

Length of the estrous cycle

30
Q

What is an estrous cycle?

A

The period between one estrus and the next.

31
Q

What is anestrus?

A

Not cycling

32
Q

What does estrual mean?

A

Something related to estrus.

33
Q

What 3 species are polyestrus?

A

Cattle
Swine
Rodents

34
Q

What 4 species are seasonally polyestrus short-day breeders?

A

Sheep
Goats
Deer
Elk

35
Q

What species is seasonally polyestrus long-day breeders?

A

Horses

36
Q

What 3 species are monestrus?

A

Dogs
Wolves
Bears

37
Q

What is the follicular phase?

A

Follicles are dominant structure

38
Q

What hormone is dominant during the follicular phase?

A

Estrogen

39
Q

What is the luteal phase?

A

Corpora lutea are dominant structure.

40
Q

What hormone is dominant during the follicular phase?

A

Progesterone

41
Q

What are the 4 stages of the estrous cycle?

A

Proestrus
Estrus
Metestrus
Diestrus

42
Q

What 2 stages of the estrous cycle are in the follicular phase?

A

Proestrus

Estrus

43
Q

What 2 stages of the estrous cycle are in the luteal phase

A

Metestrus

Diestrus

44
Q

During what stage of the estrous cycle does estrogen secretion begin?

A

Proestrus

45
Q

During what stage of the estrous cycle does estrogen secretion peak?

A

Estrus

46
Q

During what stage of the estrous cycle does prostaglandin secretion being?

A

Metestrus

47
Q

During what stage of the estrous cycle is progesterone secretion sustained at high levels?

A

Diestrus

48
Q

Why do you need to watch progesterone levels in dogs?

A

Because they have a longer period of receptivity.

49
Q

What is important to remember about diestrus in the bithc?

A

It is always 2 months no matter what.

50
Q

What is important to remember about cats?

A

They are induced ovulators.

51
Q

What are 5 conditions that would result in anestrus?

A 
Pregnancy
Lactation
Seasons
Stress
Pathology
52
Q

What are 3 factors that might cause a true anestrus?

A

Nutrition
Stresses
Pathology

53
Q

What are 2 causes of apparent anestrus?

A

Failure to detect estrus

Failure to know that she is pregnant

54
Q

What species are induced ovulators?

A

Llamas and Queens

Theriogenology (37 decks)

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