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NPLEX > Sugars > Flashcards

Sugars Flashcards

1
Q

Anomeric Carbon

A

has 4 diff ligands

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2
Q

Epimer

A

isomer that differs in only 1C

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3
Q

non-reducing sugar

A

sucrose - O is not avail for redox rxn

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4
Q

pyranose

A

5C ring w O

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5
Q

furanose

A

4C ring w O

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6
Q

sucrose is made of what sugars and linkage?

A

glucose + fructose

alpha 1 - beta 2

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7
Q

lactose is made of what sugars and linkage?

A

glucose + galactose
beta 1-4
- the only Beta linkage we can break down
- via Lacatase

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8
Q

maltose is made of what sugars and linkage?

A

glucose + glucose

alpha 1-4

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9
Q

cellulose

A

beta 1-4
the type we can’t break down
plant starch

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10
Q

unbranched starch

A

amylose

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11
Q

branched starch

A

amylopectin

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12
Q

human “starch”

linkages?

A

glycogen
more branched than amylopectin
chain: alpha 1-4
branch pts: alpha 1-6

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13
Q

Polysaccharides are broken down to mono by?

A

brush border enzymes of the SI

- they are then absorbed into the cell by Na+ cotransporter and released into the blood stream

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14
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

- adenine, ribose, phosphate

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15
Q

Kreb’s/TCA/Citric Acid cycle is where?

A

mitochondria

- mainly LR!!!

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16
Q

beginning and end constituents of the Kreb’s cycle?

A

AcetylCoA + OAA –>

  • C6 (citrate)
  • C4 (oxaloacetate)
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17
Q

how many ATP per glucose molecule?

A

36-38 ATP

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18
Q

B1

active form?

A

Thiamin

- thiamin diphosphate (in dehydrogenase rxns)

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19
Q

B2

active form?

A

Riboflavin

- FAD

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20
Q

B3

active form?

A

Niacin

- NAD

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21
Q

B5

active form?

A

Pantothenic Acid

Coenzyme A

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22
Q

ETC action located where?

A

Inner Membrane of Mitochondria

23
Q

problems of ETC

A
  • Uncoupling - dt poison - ADP + P

- Inhibition - upstream of “coupling” usu dt antibiotics like oligomycins and piericidin

24
Q

Rate Limiting Enzymes of Glycolysis

- inhibited by

A

Phosphofructokinase

  • takes 1 ATP
  • inhibited by ATP and Citrate
  • glycolysis
25
Q

Phosphofructokinase

at what step?

A

F6P –> F-1,6 P

- glycolysis

26
Q

Hexokinase and Glucokinase

at what step?

A

Glucose –> G6P
takes 1 ATP
- glycolysis

27
Q

Glucokinase is specific to what tissue?

A

LR and Pancreas

28
Q

at PEP step of Glycolysis net ATP is?

A

0

29
Q

Pyruvate Kinase

at what step?

A

PEP —> Pyruvate

- glycolysis

30
Q

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

at what step?

A

Pyruvate —> Acetyl CoA

  • in mitochondria
  • glycolysis
31
Q

increase LDD means?

A

increase in anaerobic glycolysis

- could be a dz

32
Q

G6P —> Glucose
in gluconeogenesis
what enzyme?

A

Glucose-6 Phosphatase

33
Q

Hexokinase located in what tissue?

A

Muscle

34
Q

pyruvate —> OAA
C3->C4
what enzyme

A

Pyruvate Carboxylase

  • in mitochondria
  • gluconeogenesis
  • OAA -> malate - malate shuttle -> out of mitochondria -> OAA
35
Q

OAA —> PEP

what enzyme

A

Pyruvate Carboxykinase

- gluconeogenesis

36
Q

F-1,6P —> F-6P

what enzyme

A

F-1,6 Diphosphatase

37
Q

Gluconeogensis stimulated and inhibited by

A
  • stimulated by stress hormones

- inhibited by insulin

38
Q

Rate Limiting Step of Gluconeogenesis

A

Fructiose 1,6 Diphosphatase

39
Q

Blood glucose maintenance done by which organ?

It takes how long before glycogen stores are depleted?

A

LR

12-18 hrs

40
Q

G6P —> G-1,6 Bisphosphate

enzyme

A

Phosphoglucomutase

- glycogenesis

41
Q

an increase in cAMP stimulates?

A

Glycogenolysis

- and inactivated glycogen synthesis

42
Q

Rate Limiting Step of Glycogenolysis?

A

Phosphorylase-a

43
Q

when you see “UDP” think…

A

glycogen

44
Q

products of the HMPS or Hexose Monophosphate Shunt

A

ribose residues + NADPH

  • NO ATP!!
  • in cytosol
  • not part of glycolysis
45
Q

Oxidative phase of HMPS

A

G6P —> Ribulose 5P

  • nonreversible
  • — vs the reversible nonoxidative phase (ribulose 5P —> G6P)
46
Q

if deficiency in G6P Dehydrogenase, then…

A

Hemolytic Anemia

- this enzyme is part of HMPS

47
Q

antioxidant that breaks down peroxide and protects RBCs

A

Glutathione

48
Q

HMPS is used in the Glutathione Redox Cycle

  • produces NADPH to reduce glutathione
  • so if there is a deficiency in G6P dehydrogenase, no NADPH, no reduction of glutathione and RBCs are sensitized
A

just read it

49
Q

Fructose –>

enzyme

A

F6P or sorbitol

  • to F6P uses Hexokinase
  • in muscle
50
Q

if you can’t use fructose for energy, think

A

increase in sorbitol
think Diabetes
toxic to neuro tissue - diabetic neuropathy

51
Q

How does Galactose become Glucose

A

becomes Glycogen first

“galactose laundering”

52
Q

How to make Lactose in mammary glands

A

UDP Galactose + Glucose

53
Q

Hexokinase - Km value?

A

LOW = HIGH AFFINITY FOR GLUCOSE

54
Q

Glucokinase located where and Km is what?

A

Km is high = LOW AFFINITY FOR GLUCOSE

- LR and Pancreas

NPLEX (24 decks)

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