Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

NPLEX > Sugars > Flashcards

Sugars Flashcards

1
Q

Anomeric Carbon

A

has 4 diff ligands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Epimer

A

isomer that differs in only 1C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

non-reducing sugar

A

sucrose - O is not avail for redox rxn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

pyranose

A

5C ring w O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

furanose

A

4C ring w O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

sucrose is made of what sugars and linkage?

A

glucose + fructose

alpha 1 - beta 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

lactose is made of what sugars and linkage?

A

glucose + galactose
beta 1-4
- the only Beta linkage we can break down
- via Lacatase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

maltose is made of what sugars and linkage?

A

glucose + glucose

alpha 1-4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

cellulose

A

beta 1-4
the type we can’t break down
plant starch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

unbranched starch

A

amylose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

branched starch

A

amylopectin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

human “starch”

linkages?

A

glycogen
more branched than amylopectin
chain: alpha 1-4
branch pts: alpha 1-6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Polysaccharides are broken down to mono by?

A

brush border enzymes of the SI

- they are then absorbed into the cell by Na+ cotransporter and released into the blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

- adenine, ribose, phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Kreb’s/TCA/Citric Acid cycle is where?

A

mitochondria

- mainly LR!!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

beginning and end constituents of the Kreb’s cycle?

A

AcetylCoA + OAA –>

  • C6 (citrate)
  • C4 (oxaloacetate)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how many ATP per glucose molecule?

A

36-38 ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

B1

active form?

A

Thiamin

- thiamin diphosphate (in dehydrogenase rxns)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

B2

active form?

A

Riboflavin

- FAD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

B3

active form?

A

Niacin

- NAD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

B5

active form?

A

Pantothenic Acid

Coenzyme A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

ETC action located where?

A

Inner Membrane of Mitochondria

23
Q

problems of ETC

A
  • Uncoupling - dt poison - ADP + P

- Inhibition - upstream of “coupling” usu dt antibiotics like oligomycins and piericidin

24
Q

Rate Limiting Enzymes of Glycolysis

- inhibited by

A

Phosphofructokinase

  • takes 1 ATP
  • inhibited by ATP and Citrate
  • glycolysis
25
Phosphofructokinase | at what step?
F6P --> F-1,6 P | - glycolysis
26
Hexokinase and Glucokinase | at what step?
Glucose --> G6P takes 1 ATP - glycolysis
27
Glucokinase is specific to what tissue?
LR and Pancreas
28
at PEP step of Glycolysis net ATP is?
0
29
Pyruvate Kinase | at what step?
PEP ---> Pyruvate | - glycolysis
30
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase | at what step?
Pyruvate ---> Acetyl CoA - in mitochondria - glycolysis
31
increase LDD means?
increase in anaerobic glycolysis | - could be a dz
32
G6P ---> Glucose in gluconeogenesis what enzyme?
Glucose-6 Phosphatase
33
Hexokinase located in what tissue?
Muscle
34
pyruvate ---> OAA C3->C4 what enzyme
Pyruvate Carboxylase - in mitochondria - gluconeogenesis - OAA -> malate - malate shuttle -> out of mitochondria -> OAA
35
OAA ---> PEP | what enzyme
Pyruvate Carboxykinase | - gluconeogenesis
36
F-1,6P ---> F-6P | what enzyme
F-1,6 Diphosphatase
37
Gluconeogensis stimulated and inhibited by
- stimulated by stress hormones | - inhibited by insulin
38
Rate Limiting Step of Gluconeogenesis
Fructiose 1,6 Diphosphatase
39
Blood glucose maintenance done by which organ? | It takes how long before glycogen stores are depleted?
LR | 12-18 hrs
40
G6P ---> G-1,6 Bisphosphate | enzyme
Phosphoglucomutase | - glycogenesis
41
an increase in cAMP stimulates?
Glycogenolysis | - and inactivated glycogen synthesis
42
Rate Limiting Step of Glycogenolysis?
Phosphorylase-a
43
when you see "UDP" think...
glycogen
44
products of the HMPS or Hexose Monophosphate Shunt
ribose residues + NADPH - NO ATP!! - in cytosol - not part of glycolysis
45
Oxidative phase of HMPS
G6P ---> Ribulose 5P - nonreversible - --- vs the reversible nonoxidative phase (ribulose 5P ---> G6P)
46
if deficiency in G6P Dehydrogenase, then...
Hemolytic Anemia | - this enzyme is part of HMPS
47
antioxidant that breaks down peroxide and protects RBCs
Glutathione
48
HMPS is used in the Glutathione Redox Cycle - produces NADPH to reduce glutathione - so if there is a deficiency in G6P dehydrogenase, no NADPH, no reduction of glutathione and RBCs are sensitized
just read it
49
Fructose --> | enzyme
F6P or sorbitol - to F6P uses Hexokinase - in muscle
50
if you can't use fructose for energy, think
increase in sorbitol think Diabetes toxic to neuro tissue - diabetic neuropathy
51
How does Galactose become Glucose
becomes Glycogen first | "galactose laundering"
52
How to make Lactose in mammary glands
UDP Galactose + Glucose
53
Hexokinase - Km value?
LOW = HIGH AFFINITY FOR GLUCOSE
54
Glucokinase located where and Km is what?
Km is high = LOW AFFINITY FOR GLUCOSE | - LR and Pancreas

NPLEX (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions