Cardio l

Question 1

Type of endocarditis assoc w a previously damaged heart.

Answer 1

SUBACUTE endocarditis

Question 2

Type of endocarditis assoc w viral infx and a previously normal heart.

Answer 2

ACUTE endocarditis

Question 3

complication from Strep Throat?

Answer 3

Rheumatic HT Dz - dt system rxn of abs

• beta-hemolytic
• GAS

Question 4

Calcific Aortic Stenosis is usu dt what?

Answer 4

a congenital BICUSPID VALVE which is supposed to be tricuspid semilunar

Question 5

Myocarditis sequelae?

Answer 5

CHF

Question 6

SLE complication of the HT?

Answer 6

myocarditis

Question 7

remember SA -> AV

where are these nodes located?

Answer 7

think s for superior

R atrium

Question 8

Where does the blood from the heart drain to?

Answer 8

Coronary Sinus in R atrium

Question 9

What nerve innervates SA and AV nodes?

SNS or PNS?

Answer 9

R vagus to SA
L vagus to AV
PARASYMPATHETIC

Question 10

How do skeletal and cardiac muscle contract?

Answer 10

Ca binds to Troponin and Tropomyosin -> allows Actin and Myosin to bind -> CONTRACTION

Question 11

When skeletal and cardiac muscle relax, what happens to Ca2+? **

Answer 11

Ca2+ goes back to sarcoplasm via T-tubules

Question 12

What does EPI do to the heart?

Answer 12

INCREASES HEART RATE - via B-1 receptor

• binds to B-1 Adrenergic Receptor –> cAMP cascade -> PHOSPHORYLATION
• —-> KEEPS CA2+ CHANNELS OPEN (which correlates to a longer AP and is related to strength)

Question 13

Arteriosclerosis

Answer 13

hardening of arterial walls

Question 14

Atherosclerosis

Answer 14

concerning inside of BV - buildup on intima

Question 15

Buerger’s Dz aka?

Answer 15

Thromboangitis Obliterans

Question 16

Cavernous Hemangioma is assoc w what?

Answer 16

Lindar von Hipple Dz - large hemangioma of brain/eye and internal organs
- vs Capillary Hemangioma which are benign

Question 17

Serum vs Plasma?

Answer 17

serum is plasma without clotting factors

Question 18

Lymphoid cells become what in the Thymus?

Answer 18

T-cells (T for Thymus)

Question 19

Lymphoid cells become what in the BM?

Answer 19

B-cells and NK cells (B for bone marrow)

Question 20

Myeloid cells become

Answer 20

PLT and RBC

Question 21

Iron is in two places:

Answer 21

ETC and RBCs

Question 22

Heme Iron vs Free Iron: which needs transferrin?

Answer 22

Free

- to transport to LR

Question 23

When is Lactoferrin released into the blood?

Answer 23

infx

- to grab iron away from microbes that love it

Question 24

Fe3+

Answer 24

Ferric

Question 25

Fe2+

Answer 25

Ferrous - (think two of "us")

Question 26

leftover RBC wo heme or globin is what?

Answer 26

Biliverdin --> UNCONJUGATED BILIRUBIN

Question 27

Porphyrin is made of?

Answer 27

SuccinylCoA + Glycine +B6

Question 28

what enzyme is used to put Fe2+ in the middle of a Porphyrin ring?

Answer 28

Ferrochelatase

Question 29

Unconj. bilirubin is conjugated in the ____ by what to be excreted where?

Answer 29

LR, conjugate it w glucuronic acid, to SI as feces or to urine

Question 30

in the LR, SP, and BM, you will find RETICULOENDOTHELIAL CELLS which do what?

Answer 30

m0 and Kupfer cells (in LR) - turn HEME into BILIRUBIN

Question 31

conjugation of bilirubin can be disrupted by?

Answer 31

Acetaminophen, Viral Hepatitis, Toxic Mushrooms

Question 32

Hemoglobin has how many heme and how many 02 binding sites?

Answer 32

4, 4

Question 33

What is myoglobin?

Answer 33

like hemoglobin except in the muscle

Question 34

R Hgb means?

Answer 34

RELAXED - 4 open 02 sites

Question 35

T Hgb means?

Answer 35

TIGHT - no 02 sites

Question 36

2,3-BPG (2,3-bisphosphoglycerate) does what?

Answer 36

moves 02 off Hgb to the cell

Question 37

C02 bound to Hgb is called...

Answer 37

Carbaminohemoglobin

Question 38

3 forms of CO2 in the body: | - which is most prominent?

Answer 38

carbaminohemoglobin dissolved CO2 HCO3

Question 39

What is the Bohr Effect? | uses what enzyme?

Answer 39

buffers C02 so it can be carried through the body - uses Carbonic Anhydrase enzyme - (CO2 + H20 --> H+ + HCO3-) CO2 from kreb's cycle delivered by Hgb ot the LU to be exhaled

Question 40

What enzyme does lead affect and what does it lead to?

Answer 40

- delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydrase ---> probs w porphyrin - Ferrochelatase ----> probs w heme MICROCYTIC ANEMIA

Question 41

Deficiency of Iron and B6 will cause...

Answer 41

microcytic anemia dt probs w heme synthesis

Question 42

B12 is recycled by and recycles what?

Answer 42

Folic Acid | - if Xu, RBC don't mature --> MACROCYTIC ANEMIA

Question 43

Hemolytic Anemia is dt deficiency of what enzyme? why?

Answer 43

Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase, G6PD | - no NADPH produced from HMP shunt (aka pentose phosphate shunt) so can't recycle GLUTATHIONE and RBC's aren't protected

Question 44

True Ribs are?

Answer 44

1-7 .... 8-10 are not. 11, 12 float

Question 45

What does the tubercle of the rib articulate with? Head?

Answer 45

Transverse process of vertebrae | - head to body

Question 46

Intercostal V. drains to?

Answer 46

Azygous V. and Hemizygous V. ---> SVC

Question 47

When do you see a positive Kussmaul's sign?

Answer 47

Cardiac Tamponade | - distended neck V upon inspiration

Question 48

What artery supplies the SA and AV node?

Answer 48

R Coronary A

Question 49

branches of the R Coronary A.

Answer 49

Marginal A. and Posterior Interventricular A.

Question 50

L Coronary A supplies? | - branches?

Answer 50

most of the HT, L Ventricle - LAD - Left circumflex

Question 51

MC occluded coronary A.

Answer 51

LAD

Question 52

Parietal vs Visceral Pleura innervation

Answer 52

parietal is innervated so you feel pain but visceral is not - pain radiates to chest and root of neck