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NPLEX > Cardio l > Flashcards

Cardio l Flashcards

1
Q

Type of endocarditis assoc w a previously damaged heart.

A

SUBACUTE endocarditis

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2
Q

Type of endocarditis assoc w viral infx and a previously normal heart.

A

ACUTE endocarditis

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3
Q

complication from Strep Throat?

A

Rheumatic HT Dz - dt system rxn of abs

  • beta-hemolytic
  • GAS
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4
Q

Calcific Aortic Stenosis is usu dt what?

A

a congenital BICUSPID VALVE which is supposed to be tricuspid semilunar

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5
Q

Myocarditis sequelae?

A

CHF

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6
Q

SLE complication of the HT?

A

myocarditis

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7
Q

remember SA -> AV

where are these nodes located?

A

think s for superior

R atrium

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8
Q

Where does the blood from the heart drain to?

A

Coronary Sinus in R atrium

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9
Q

What nerve innervates SA and AV nodes?

SNS or PNS?

A

R vagus to SA
L vagus to AV
PARASYMPATHETIC

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10
Q

How do skeletal and cardiac muscle contract?

A

Ca binds to Troponin and Tropomyosin -> allows Actin and Myosin to bind -> CONTRACTION

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11
Q

When skeletal and cardiac muscle relax, what happens to Ca2+? **

A

Ca2+ goes back to sarcoplasm via T-tubules

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12
Q

What does EPI do to the heart?

A

INCREASES HEART RATE - via B-1 receptor

  • binds to B-1 Adrenergic Receptor –> cAMP cascade -> PHOSPHORYLATION
  • —-> KEEPS CA2+ CHANNELS OPEN (which correlates to a longer AP and is related to strength)
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13
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

hardening of arterial walls

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14
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

concerning inside of BV - buildup on intima

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15
Q

Buerger’s Dz aka?

A

Thromboangitis Obliterans

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16
Q

Cavernous Hemangioma is assoc w what?

A

Lindar von Hipple Dz - large hemangioma of brain/eye and internal organs
- vs Capillary Hemangioma which are benign

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17
Q

Serum vs Plasma?

A

serum is plasma without clotting factors

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18
Q

Lymphoid cells become what in the Thymus?

A

T-cells (T for Thymus)

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19
Q

Lymphoid cells become what in the BM?

A

B-cells and NK cells (B for bone marrow)

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20
Q

Myeloid cells become

A

PLT and RBC

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21
Q

Iron is in two places:

A

ETC and RBCs

22
Q

Heme Iron vs Free Iron: which needs transferrin?

A

Free

- to transport to LR

23
Q

When is Lactoferrin released into the blood?

A

infx

- to grab iron away from microbes that love it

24
Q

Fe3+

25
Q

Fe2+

A

Ferrous - (think two of “us”)

26
Q

leftover RBC wo heme or globin is what?

A

Biliverdin –> UNCONJUGATED BILIRUBIN

27
Q

Porphyrin is made of?

A

SuccinylCoA + Glycine +B6

28
Q

what enzyme is used to put Fe2+ in the middle of a Porphyrin ring?

A

Ferrochelatase

29
Q

Unconj. bilirubin is conjugated in the ____ by what to be excreted where?

A

LR, conjugate it w glucuronic acid, to SI as feces or to urine

30
Q

in the LR, SP, and BM, you will find RETICULOENDOTHELIAL CELLS which do what?

A

m0 and Kupfer cells (in LR) - turn HEME into BILIRUBIN

31
Q

conjugation of bilirubin can be disrupted by?

A

Acetaminophen, Viral Hepatitis, Toxic Mushrooms

32
Q

Hemoglobin has how many heme and how many 02 binding sites?

33
Q

What is myoglobin?

A

like hemoglobin except in the muscle

34
Q

R Hgb means?

A

RELAXED - 4 open 02 sites

35
Q

T Hgb means?

A

TIGHT - no 02 sites

36
Q

2,3-BPG (2,3-bisphosphoglycerate) does what?

A

moves 02 off Hgb to the cell

37
Q

C02 bound to Hgb is called…

A

Carbaminohemoglobin

38
Q

3 forms of CO2 in the body:

- which is most prominent?

A

carbaminohemoglobin
dissolved CO2
HCO3

39
Q

What is the Bohr Effect?

uses what enzyme?

A

buffers C02 so it can be carried through the body
- uses Carbonic Anhydrase enzyme
- (CO2 + H20 –> H+ + HCO3-)
CO2 from kreb’s cycle delivered by Hgb ot the LU to be exhaled

40
Q

What enzyme does lead affect and what does it lead to?

A
  • delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydrase
    —> probs w porphyrin
  • Ferrochelatase
    —-> probs w heme
    MICROCYTIC ANEMIA
41
Q

Deficiency of Iron and B6 will cause…

A

microcytic anemia dt probs w heme synthesis

42
Q

B12 is recycled by and recycles what?

A

Folic Acid

- if Xu, RBC don’t mature –> MACROCYTIC ANEMIA

43
Q

Hemolytic Anemia is dt deficiency of what enzyme? why?

A

Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase, G6PD

- no NADPH produced from HMP shunt (aka pentose phosphate shunt) so can’t recycle GLUTATHIONE and RBC’s aren’t protected

44
Q

True Ribs are?

A

1-7
…. 8-10 are not.
11, 12 float

45
Q

What does the tubercle of the rib articulate with? Head?

A

Transverse process of vertebrae

- head to body

46
Q

Intercostal V. drains to?

A

Azygous V. and Hemizygous V. —> SVC

47
Q

When do you see a positive Kussmaul’s sign?

A

Cardiac Tamponade

- distended neck V upon inspiration

48
Q

What artery supplies the SA and AV node?

A

R Coronary A

49
Q

branches of the R Coronary A.

A

Marginal A. and Posterior Interventricular A.

50
Q

L Coronary A supplies?

- branches?

A

most of the HT, L Ventricle

  • LAD
  • Left circumflex
51
Q

MC occluded coronary A.

52
Q

Parietal vs Visceral Pleura innervation

A

parietal is innervated so you feel pain
but visceral is not
- pain radiates to chest and root of neck

NPLEX (24 decks)

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