Neuro ll Flashcards
Epidural Hematoma is caused by…
rupture of Middle Meningeal Artery
- usu fracture of temporal bone
Subdural Hematoma is caused by….
rupture of BRIDGING VEINS
Subarachnoid Hematoma is caused by…
rupture of aneurysm - circle of willis
Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage is caused by…
systemic HTN
Macular Degeneration causes degeneration of what cells?
RPE, Retinal Pigment Epithelium, of the eye where light bounces off then hits the rods and cones
Rods or Cones for color? Which is more sensitive?
Cones for Color
- rods more sensitive
- cones more active
What happens to the ciliary muscles of the eye when reading under a bright light? Para or Sympa?
- contract
- lens bulge - can see near
- parasympathetic
CN 5 test for motor
clench jaw
What CN opens and closes the eye?
CN 3 opens
CN 7 closes
Bell’s Palsy is associated with what CN and what foramen?
CN 7 - stylomastoid foramen
CN7 location and function?
- from PONS -> Internal Acoustic Meatus -> [motor of face goes through stylomastoid foramen]
- facial expression, lacrimation, salivation, taste
What CN’s innervated the anterior 2/3 of tongue?
CN5 for touch, 7 for taste!
What CN’s innervate posterior 1/3 of tongue?
CN 9
- innervates stylopharyngeus muscle - swallowing
- and taste, touch
What CN’s innervate the very back of the tongue?
CN 10
- palatoglossus muscle moves the tongue UP
Sensory aphasia dt problems in what area of the brain?
Wernickes Area
“Word salad”
Motor aphasia dt problems in what area of the brain?
Broca’s Area
“broca stroke, you’re tongue is broke”
What neurotransmitters inhibit motor neurons?
GABA, Glycine
What antioxidant is used an an Amino Acid transport system in cell membranes?
Glutathione
Slowly adapting or tonic receptors detect?
a steady stimulus
The Dorsal Column of the spinal cord receives sensory afferent nerves. What are the types?
Merkel’s Disc, Meissner, Pacinian Corpuscle
Merkel’s Disc
Pressure - in hair follicles
Meissner’s Corpuscle
Touch - hairless skin
Pacinian’s Corpuscle
Vibration - deep in skin, ligaments, joints
Which is more sensitive? Dorsal Column or Spinothalamic Tract?
Dorsal Column
What info does the Spinothalamic Tract relay to the brain?
Pain and Temp
What do Golgi Tendon Organs do?
located at neuromuscular jx
- measures tension and prevents muscles from over stretching by inhibiting alpha motoneuron unit
Diencephalon consists of? is there a BBB?
containing the epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus, and ventral thalamus and the third ventricle - at the TOP OF THE BRAINSTEM
- NO BBB
What is the diff bet a “slow” and “fast” pain fiber? both fibers go through what?
“fast” - prick - to sensory homunculus
“slow” - burning - to diencephalon (thalamus)
- both go thru reticular formation
What does the BBB let thru? how?
nonpolar molecules - diffusion of lipid-soluble - CO2, Hc0, NO
- polar molecules need transport
Sulfite vs Sulfate
- which is toxic?
- how to rid of it?
- which is good? why?
- Sulfite is toxic - use Mo
- Sulfate is involved in phase 2 detox
What is the major component of glutathione?
Cysteine
- it is sulfur containing
What can Cysteine become?
Glutathione, Sulfite, Taurine
Homocysteine, an inflammatory marker, can become what?
Methionine, Cystathionine (eventually Cysteine)
Any reaction using a methyl group will need what?
B12 & Folic Acid
ACh is made of what using what enzyme? and what breaks it down?
Acetyl-CoA + Choline —Choline Acetylase—> ACh
- Acetycholine Esterase breaks it down
What in pesticides can cause tetany in humans and just kills bugs?
Acetycholine Esterase Inhibitor
What can Tryptophan become?
What is necessary for its metabolism?
Serotonin -> Melatonin (happens in diencephalon)
Niacinamide (B3)
- metabolism needs B6
Communicating Hydrocephalus
NONOBSTRUCTIVE
decreased CSF reabsorbed by arachnoid granulations —> increased intracranial pressure
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
NONOBSTRUCTIVE
Expansion of Ventricle - wet, wobbly, wacky
- urinary incontinence, ataxia, cognitive dysfnx
Hydrocephalus Ex Vacuo
NONOBSTRUCTIVE
looks like increased CSF but just atrophy of brain
Noncommunicating Hydrocephalus
OBSTRUCTIVE
blockage in ventricular system
Subarachnoid space from brain all the way to…
S2
Spinal Cord from brianstem all the way to…
L1-L2
Where to do lumbar puncture?
“to keep the cord alive, keep the spinal needle between L3 and L5”
What are the ascending tracts of the spinal cord and what info do they relay to the brain? (white matter)
SENSORY
Dorsal Column - 2-point discrim., vibration, proprioception
Lateral Spinothalamic - pain and temp
Anterior Spinothalamic - crude touch, pressure
What are the descending tracts of the spinal cord from the brain to the periphery and what info do they relay? (white matter)
Lateral and Anterior Corticospinal Tracts
- motor cortex -> upper motor neurons -> interneuron in anterior horn of gray matter -> lower motor neurons
- VOLUNTARY MOTOR
Lateral Corticospinal Tracts decussate at the _____, a lesion of the cortex can affect which side of the body?
MEDULLA/BRAINSTEM
contralateral
- versus if lesion were at the spinal cord
Anterior Corticospinal Tracts decussate at the ______ and innervates neurons on ______ _____ of the spinal cord.
SPINAL CORD
both sides
MS
demyelination of white matter of spinal cord usu in cervical region
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
aka Lou Gehrig
- remember Stephen Hawking
- UMN and LMN deficits
Which spinal tracts decussate at the medulla and which at the spinal cord?
Brain: LCST, DCT
Spinal Cord: ACST, LSTT, ASTT
Syringomyelia - what tract involved
bilat loss of pain & temp sensation
STT destroyed bc fluid filled cyst in spinal cord
B12 or Vit E Xu can cause… what tract involved
deymyelination of Dorsal Column, LCST and spinocerebellar tract
SSx: paresthesia, ataxic gait, impaired position and vibration sense
Poliomyelitis - what tract involved
eti: polio virus
LMN death aka anterior horn on spinal cord
Friedrich Ataxia
genetic - autosomal recessive
decrease in mitochondrial fx
- prob w FRATAXIN -> degen of spinal cord tracts
SSx: falling, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (death)
