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Neuro ll Flashcards

1
Q

Epidural Hematoma is caused by…

A

rupture of Middle Meningeal Artery

- usu fracture of temporal bone

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2
Q

Subdural Hematoma is caused by….

A

rupture of BRIDGING VEINS

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3
Q

Subarachnoid Hematoma is caused by…

A

rupture of aneurysm - circle of willis

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4
Q

Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage is caused by…

A

systemic HTN

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5
Q

Macular Degeneration causes degeneration of what cells?

A

RPE, Retinal Pigment Epithelium, of the eye where light bounces off then hits the rods and cones

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6
Q

Rods or Cones for color? Which is more sensitive?

A

Cones for Color

  • rods more sensitive
  • cones more active
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7
Q

What happens to the ciliary muscles of the eye when reading under a bright light? Para or Sympa?

A
  • contract
  • lens bulge - can see near
  • parasympathetic
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8
Q

CN 5 test for motor

A

clench jaw

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9
Q

What CN opens and closes the eye?

A

CN 3 opens

CN 7 closes

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10
Q

Bell’s Palsy is associated with what CN and what foramen?

A

CN 7 - stylomastoid foramen

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11
Q

CN7 location and function?

A
  • from PONS -> Internal Acoustic Meatus -> [motor of face goes through stylomastoid foramen]
  • facial expression, lacrimation, salivation, taste
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12
Q

What CN’s innervated the anterior 2/3 of tongue?

A

CN5 for touch, 7 for taste!

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13
Q

What CN’s innervate posterior 1/3 of tongue?

A

CN 9

  • innervates stylopharyngeus muscle - swallowing
  • and taste, touch
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14
Q

What CN’s innervate the very back of the tongue?

A

CN 10

- palatoglossus muscle moves the tongue UP

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15
Q

Sensory aphasia dt problems in what area of the brain?

A

Wernickes Area

“Word salad”

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16
Q

Motor aphasia dt problems in what area of the brain?

A

Broca’s Area

“broca stroke, you’re tongue is broke”

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17
Q

What neurotransmitters inhibit motor neurons?

A

GABA, Glycine

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18
Q

What antioxidant is used an an Amino Acid transport system in cell membranes?

A

Glutathione

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19
Q

Slowly adapting or tonic receptors detect?

A

a steady stimulus

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20
Q

The Dorsal Column of the spinal cord receives sensory afferent nerves. What are the types?

A

Merkel’s Disc, Meissner, Pacinian Corpuscle

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21
Q

Merkel’s Disc

A

Pressure - in hair follicles

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22
Q

Meissner’s Corpuscle

A

Touch - hairless skin

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23
Q

Pacinian’s Corpuscle

A

Vibration - deep in skin, ligaments, joints

24
Q

Which is more sensitive? Dorsal Column or Spinothalamic Tract?

A

Dorsal Column

25
What info does the Spinothalamic Tract relay to the brain?
Pain and Temp
26
What do Golgi Tendon Organs do?
located at neuromuscular jx | - measures tension and prevents muscles from over stretching by inhibiting alpha motoneuron unit
27
Diencephalon consists of? is there a BBB?
containing the epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus, and ventral thalamus and the third ventricle - at the TOP OF THE BRAINSTEM - NO BBB
28
What is the diff bet a "slow" and "fast" pain fiber? both fibers go through what?
"fast" - prick - to sensory homunculus "slow" - burning - to diencephalon (thalamus) - both go thru reticular formation
29
What does the BBB let thru? how?
nonpolar molecules - diffusion of lipid-soluble - CO2, Hc0, NO - polar molecules need transport
30
Sulfite vs Sulfate - which is toxic? - how to rid of it? - which is good? why?
- Sulfite is toxic - use Mo | - Sulfate is involved in phase 2 detox
31
What is the major component of glutathione?
Cysteine | - it is sulfur containing
32
What can Cysteine become?
Glutathione, Sulfite, Taurine
33
Homocysteine, an inflammatory marker, can become what?
Methionine, Cystathionine (eventually Cysteine)
34
Any reaction using a methyl group will need what?
B12 & Folic Acid
35
ACh is made of what using what enzyme? and what breaks it down?
Acetyl-CoA + Choline ---Choline Acetylase---> ACh | - Acetycholine Esterase breaks it down
36
What in pesticides can cause tetany in humans and just kills bugs?
Acetycholine Esterase Inhibitor
37
What can Tryptophan become? | What is necessary for its metabolism?
Serotonin -> Melatonin (happens in diencephalon) Niacinamide (B3) - metabolism needs B6
38
Communicating Hydrocephalus
NONOBSTRUCTIVE | decreased CSF reabsorbed by arachnoid granulations ---> increased intracranial pressure
39
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
NONOBSTRUCTIVE Expansion of Ventricle - wet, wobbly, wacky - urinary incontinence, ataxia, cognitive dysfnx
40
Hydrocephalus Ex Vacuo
NONOBSTRUCTIVE | looks like increased CSF but just atrophy of brain
41
Noncommunicating Hydrocephalus
OBSTRUCTIVE | blockage in ventricular system
42
Subarachnoid space from brain all the way to...
S2
43
Spinal Cord from brianstem all the way to...
L1-L2
44
Where to do lumbar puncture?
"to keep the cord alive, keep the spinal needle between L3 and L5"
45
What are the ascending tracts of the spinal cord and what info do they relay to the brain? (white matter)
SENSORY Dorsal Column - 2-point discrim., vibration, proprioception Lateral Spinothalamic - pain and temp Anterior Spinothalamic - crude touch, pressure
46
What are the descending tracts of the spinal cord from the brain to the periphery and what info do they relay? (white matter)
Lateral and Anterior Corticospinal Tracts - motor cortex -> upper motor neurons -> interneuron in anterior horn of gray matter -> lower motor neurons - VOLUNTARY MOTOR
47
Lateral Corticospinal Tracts decussate at the _____, a lesion of the cortex can affect which side of the body?
MEDULLA/BRAINSTEM contralateral - versus if lesion were at the spinal cord
48
Anterior Corticospinal Tracts decussate at the ______ and innervates neurons on ______ _____ of the spinal cord.
SPINAL CORD | both sides
49
MS
demyelination of white matter of spinal cord usu in cervical region
50
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
aka Lou Gehrig - remember Stephen Hawking - UMN and LMN deficits
51
Which spinal tracts decussate at the medulla and which at the spinal cord?
Brain: LCST, DCT | Spinal Cord: ACST, LSTT, ASTT
52
Syringomyelia - what tract involved
bilat loss of pain & temp sensation | STT destroyed bc fluid filled cyst in spinal cord
53
B12 or Vit E Xu can cause... what tract involved
deymyelination of Dorsal Column, LCST and spinocerebellar tract SSx: paresthesia, ataxic gait, impaired position and vibration sense
54
Poliomyelitis - what tract involved
eti: polio virus | LMN death aka anterior horn on spinal cord
55
Friedrich Ataxia
genetic - autosomal recessive decrease in mitochondrial fx - prob w FRATAXIN -> degen of spinal cord tracts SSx: falling, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (death)

NPLEX (24 decks)

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