Endo & Urinary - ANDERSON

Question 1

What enzyme converts T4 -> T3

Answer 1

5’ Deiodinase

Question 2

What tumors are of the Adrenal Medulla?

so you should see an increase in what?

Answer 2

Neuroblastoma - in children
Pheochromocytoma
…. see increase in VMA!

Question 3

What cells make EPI and NE?

Answer 3

chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla

Question 4

Dz of which there is an Adenoma of Aldosterone secreting part of Adrenals is called?

Answer 4

Conn’s Syndrome

• increase Na in plasma (decrease K)
• zona glomerulosa

Question 5

remember, Phenylalanine –> Tyrosine –> L-DOPA —> Doapmine —> NE —> EPI

Answer 5

there is more EPI than NE

Question 6

What does Aldosterone do in the DISTAL TUBULE? stimulated by?

Answer 6

reabsorb Na
- it also pumps K and H out
Stimulated by: angio ll, hyperkalemia, ACTH

Question 7

Where does Renin come from and what doe it do?

Answer 7

Juxtaglomerular Cells of KD

Angiotensinogen -> Angio l

Question 8

ACE from where and does what?

Answer 8

LU

angio l -> angio ll

Question 9

What is Zollinger Ellison Syndrome?

Answer 9

tumor of pancreas that secretes gastrin

- think ulcers

Question 10

remember, Myasthenia Gravis is assoc w?

Answer 10

thymic hyperplasia

Question 11

Cortical vs Juxtamedullary Nephrons

Answer 11

Juxtamedullary Nephrons - have a loop of henle

Question 12

Afferent Arteriole’s SM is stimulated by?

to do what?

Answer 12

EPI - decreases GFR

Question 13

Efferent Arteriole’s SM is stimulated by?

to do what?

Answer 13

Angiotensin ll - increase GFR

Question 14

Macula Densa is located where and senses what to do what?

Answer 14

located at the end of the tubules

• senses Na and Cl
• if low, then tells juxtaglomerular cells to release RENIN and convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin l in order to increase GFR

Question 15

Osmoregulation regulated by what part of the brain?

Answer 15

Hypothalamus

- think ADH to post pituitary

Question 16

Na and K are reabsorbed mostly where?

Answer 16

in Prox. Tubule

- glucose, bicarb, AA, etc are mostly reabsorbed along w Na (cotransport)

Question 17

Carbonic Anhydrase functions where to do what?

Answer 17

transport bicarb by making H+ + C02

• H+ and Na+ are counter-transported
• in prox tubule of nephron

Question 18

Where can K+ be reabsorbed or secreted in the tubules of the nephron?

Answer 18

Distal Tubule

Question 19

Where is water impermeable tubules of the KD?

Answer 19

Ascending Loop

Question 20

Na K Cl cotransporter is where in the nephron?

Answer 20

Ascending Loop

Question 21

Angio ll is converted into Aldosterone where?

what does Aldosterone do?

Answer 21

in Adrenal Cortex

- tells DISTAL TUBULE to reabsorb Na and excrete K

Question 22

ALT and AST, located in the LR, do what?

Answer 22

Transaminase Enzyme

- removes amino group and leaves behind alpha-keto acid

Question 23

ALT and AST depend on what vitamin?

Answer 23

B6, pyridoxal phosphate

Question 24

When AA are being metabolized in the LR, this is called OXIDATIVE DEAMINATION
Alanine —>
Glutamate —>
Aspartate —>

• these become alpha keto acids!! then the NH4 can leave to become UREA in the urea cycle

Answer 24

alanine -> Pyruvate
glutamate -> alpha-ketoglutarate
aspartate -> OAA

Question 25

C02 + NH4 go into the ______ in the UREA CYCLE

Answer 25

mitochondria

• this is where enzyme, Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase lives
• –> carbamoyl phosphate

Question 26

UREA CYCLE:

carbamoyl phosphate –> L-Citrulline via

Answer 26

Ornithine

Question 27

L Citrulline is located where in the cell?

Answer 27

CYTOPLASM

- this is where more transamination takes place

Question 28

UREA CYCLE:

L-Arginine –> UREA via…

Answer 28

Arginase

Question 29

UREA CYCLE happens in what organ?

Answer 29

LIVER

Question 30

The KD can also get rid of N via

Answer 30

GLUTAMINE - oxidative deamination

- like an N-shuttle

Question 31

Berger’s Dz aka

Answer 31

IgA Nephropathy

- injurs the glom w too much IgA

Question 32

prodrome of resp illness in child followed by sore jts, purpura bc leaky blood vessels

Answer 32

Henoch-Schonlein Purpura

Question 33

Rapid GN bc autoAb to basement membrane of cells in glom and LU

Answer 33

Goodpasture’s Syndrome

- hemoptysis and hematuria

Question 34

MC cause of Nephrotic Syndrome

Answer 34

membranous GN

• think foamy urine - lots of protein, lipids
• also assoc w SLE, DM, amyloidosis

Question 35

Pyelonephritis - think this part of the KD

Answer 35

RENAL PELVIS

infx of tubules or interstitium

Question 36

Urolithiasis - 75% of stones are

Answer 36

Calcium - so opaque

Question 37

painless hematuria .. think

Answer 37

CA of urinary system

Question 38

mass in abd of child… must RO

Answer 38

Wilm’s Tumor aka Nephroblastoma