Endo & Urinary - ANDERSON Flashcards
What enzyme converts T4 -> T3
5’ Deiodinase
What tumors are of the Adrenal Medulla?
so you should see an increase in what?
Neuroblastoma - in children
Pheochromocytoma
…. see increase in VMA!
What cells make EPI and NE?
chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla
Dz of which there is an Adenoma of Aldosterone secreting part of Adrenals is called?
Conn’s Syndrome
- increase Na in plasma (decrease K)
- zona glomerulosa
remember, Phenylalanine –> Tyrosine –> L-DOPA —> Doapmine —> NE —> EPI
there is more EPI than NE
What does Aldosterone do in the DISTAL TUBULE? stimulated by?
reabsorb Na
- it also pumps K and H out
Stimulated by: angio ll, hyperkalemia, ACTH
Where does Renin come from and what doe it do?
Juxtaglomerular Cells of KD
Angiotensinogen -> Angio l
ACE from where and does what?
LU
angio l -> angio ll
What is Zollinger Ellison Syndrome?
tumor of pancreas that secretes gastrin
- think ulcers
remember, Myasthenia Gravis is assoc w?
thymic hyperplasia
Cortical vs Juxtamedullary Nephrons
Juxtamedullary Nephrons - have a loop of henle
Afferent Arteriole’s SM is stimulated by?
to do what?
EPI - decreases GFR
Efferent Arteriole’s SM is stimulated by?
to do what?
Angiotensin ll - increase GFR
Macula Densa is located where and senses what to do what?
located at the end of the tubules
- senses Na and Cl
- if low, then tells juxtaglomerular cells to release RENIN and convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin l in order to increase GFR
Osmoregulation regulated by what part of the brain?
Hypothalamus
- think ADH to post pituitary
Na and K are reabsorbed mostly where?
in Prox. Tubule
- glucose, bicarb, AA, etc are mostly reabsorbed along w Na (cotransport)
Carbonic Anhydrase functions where to do what?
transport bicarb by making H+ + C02
- H+ and Na+ are counter-transported
- in prox tubule of nephron
Where can K+ be reabsorbed or secreted in the tubules of the nephron?
Distal Tubule
Where is water impermeable tubules of the KD?
Ascending Loop
Na K Cl cotransporter is where in the nephron?
Ascending Loop
Angio ll is converted into Aldosterone where?
what does Aldosterone do?
in Adrenal Cortex
- tells DISTAL TUBULE to reabsorb Na and excrete K
ALT and AST, located in the LR, do what?
Transaminase Enzyme
- removes amino group and leaves behind alpha-keto acid
ALT and AST depend on what vitamin?
B6, pyridoxal phosphate
When AA are being metabolized in the LR, this is called OXIDATIVE DEAMINATION
Alanine —>
Glutamate —>
Aspartate —>
- these become alpha keto acids!! then the NH4 can leave to become UREA in the urea cycle
alanine -> Pyruvate
glutamate -> alpha-ketoglutarate
aspartate -> OAA
C02 + NH4 go into the ______ in the UREA CYCLE
mitochondria
- this is where enzyme, Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase lives
- –> carbamoyl phosphate
UREA CYCLE:
carbamoyl phosphate –> L-Citrulline via
Ornithine
L Citrulline is located where in the cell?
CYTOPLASM
- this is where more transamination takes place
UREA CYCLE:
L-Arginine –> UREA via…
Arginase
UREA CYCLE happens in what organ?
LIVER
The KD can also get rid of N via
GLUTAMINE - oxidative deamination
- like an N-shuttle
Berger’s Dz aka
IgA Nephropathy
- injurs the glom w too much IgA
prodrome of resp illness in child followed by sore jts, purpura bc leaky blood vessels
Henoch-Schonlein Purpura
Rapid GN bc autoAb to basement membrane of cells in glom and LU
Goodpasture’s Syndrome
- hemoptysis and hematuria
MC cause of Nephrotic Syndrome
membranous GN
- think foamy urine - lots of protein, lipids
- also assoc w SLE, DM, amyloidosis
Pyelonephritis - think this part of the KD
RENAL PELVIS
infx of tubules or interstitium
Urolithiasis - 75% of stones are
Calcium - so opaque
painless hematuria .. think
CA of urinary system
mass in abd of child… must RO
Wilm’s Tumor aka Nephroblastoma
