Endo & Urinary - ANDERSON Flashcards

1
Q

What enzyme converts T4 -> T3

A

5’ Deiodinase

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2
Q

What tumors are of the Adrenal Medulla?

so you should see an increase in what?

A

Neuroblastoma - in children
Pheochromocytoma
…. see increase in VMA!

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3
Q

What cells make EPI and NE?

A

chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla

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4
Q

Dz of which there is an Adenoma of Aldosterone secreting part of Adrenals is called?

A

Conn’s Syndrome

  • increase Na in plasma (decrease K)
  • zona glomerulosa
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5
Q

remember, Phenylalanine –> Tyrosine –> L-DOPA —> Doapmine —> NE —> EPI

A

there is more EPI than NE

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6
Q

What does Aldosterone do in the DISTAL TUBULE? stimulated by?

A

reabsorb Na
- it also pumps K and H out
Stimulated by: angio ll, hyperkalemia, ACTH

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7
Q

Where does Renin come from and what doe it do?

A

Juxtaglomerular Cells of KD

Angiotensinogen -> Angio l

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8
Q

ACE from where and does what?

A

LU

angio l -> angio ll

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9
Q

What is Zollinger Ellison Syndrome?

A

tumor of pancreas that secretes gastrin

- think ulcers

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10
Q

remember, Myasthenia Gravis is assoc w?

A

thymic hyperplasia

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11
Q

Cortical vs Juxtamedullary Nephrons

A

Juxtamedullary Nephrons - have a loop of henle

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12
Q

Afferent Arteriole’s SM is stimulated by?

to do what?

A

EPI - decreases GFR

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13
Q

Efferent Arteriole’s SM is stimulated by?

to do what?

A

Angiotensin ll - increase GFR

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14
Q

Macula Densa is located where and senses what to do what?

A

located at the end of the tubules

  • senses Na and Cl
  • if low, then tells juxtaglomerular cells to release RENIN and convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin l in order to increase GFR
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15
Q

Osmoregulation regulated by what part of the brain?

A

Hypothalamus

- think ADH to post pituitary

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16
Q

Na and K are reabsorbed mostly where?

A

in Prox. Tubule

- glucose, bicarb, AA, etc are mostly reabsorbed along w Na (cotransport)

17
Q

Carbonic Anhydrase functions where to do what?

A

transport bicarb by making H+ + C02

  • H+ and Na+ are counter-transported
  • in prox tubule of nephron
18
Q

Where can K+ be reabsorbed or secreted in the tubules of the nephron?

A

Distal Tubule

19
Q

Where is water impermeable tubules of the KD?

A

Ascending Loop

20
Q

Na K Cl cotransporter is where in the nephron?

A

Ascending Loop

21
Q

Angio ll is converted into Aldosterone where?

what does Aldosterone do?

A

in Adrenal Cortex

- tells DISTAL TUBULE to reabsorb Na and excrete K

22
Q

ALT and AST, located in the LR, do what?

A

Transaminase Enzyme

- removes amino group and leaves behind alpha-keto acid

23
Q

ALT and AST depend on what vitamin?

A

B6, pyridoxal phosphate

24
Q

When AA are being metabolized in the LR, this is called OXIDATIVE DEAMINATION
Alanine —>
Glutamate —>
Aspartate —>

  • these become alpha keto acids!! then the NH4 can leave to become UREA in the urea cycle
A

alanine -> Pyruvate
glutamate -> alpha-ketoglutarate
aspartate -> OAA

25
C02 + NH4 go into the ______ in the UREA CYCLE
mitochondria - this is where enzyme, Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase lives - --> carbamoyl phosphate
26
UREA CYCLE: | carbamoyl phosphate --> L-Citrulline via
Ornithine
27
L Citrulline is located where in the cell?
CYTOPLASM | - this is where more transamination takes place
28
UREA CYCLE: | L-Arginine --> UREA via...
Arginase
29
UREA CYCLE happens in what organ?
LIVER
30
The KD can also get rid of N via
GLUTAMINE - oxidative deamination | - like an N-shuttle
31
Berger's Dz aka
IgA Nephropathy | - injurs the glom w too much IgA
32
prodrome of resp illness in child followed by sore jts, purpura bc leaky blood vessels
Henoch-Schonlein Purpura
33
Rapid GN bc autoAb to basement membrane of cells in glom and LU
Goodpasture's Syndrome | - hemoptysis and hematuria
34
MC cause of Nephrotic Syndrome
membranous GN - think foamy urine - lots of protein, lipids - also assoc w SLE, DM, amyloidosis
35
Pyelonephritis - think this part of the KD
RENAL PELVIS | infx of tubules or interstitium
36
Urolithiasis - 75% of stones are
Calcium - so opaque
37
painless hematuria .. think
CA of urinary system
38
mass in abd of child... must RO
Wilm's Tumor aka Nephroblastoma