GI - ANDERSON

Question 1

What cells secrete Histamine in the ST?

what triggers this?

Answer 1

Gastrin from G cells trigger ECL-cells to release Histamine which stimulates the Proton Pump and release of Gastric H+

Question 2

What are the cells of the Duodenum and Jejunum that secrete and aid in digestion?

Answer 2

K –> GIP -> stimulate beta cells to release insulin
I -> CCK -> release of bile
S -> secretin -> stim. pancrease and GB to release BICARB

Question 3

K cells of the SI release?

Answer 3

GIP

Question 4

I cells of the SI release?

Answer 4

CCK

Question 5

What is absorbed in the terminal ileum?

What about Iron?

Answer 5

bile salts and B12

- iron is absorbed in the duodenum

Question 6

Primary Bile Acids

Answer 6

Cholic Acid

Chenodeoxycholic

Question 7

Secondary Bile Acids are converted from primary via what?

Answer 7

bacteria in the SI

• Deoxycholic
• Lithocholic

Question 8

Conjugation of bile acids makes BILE SALTS which is done by the _____ with AA’s _____ and ______.

Answer 8

LR

- GLYCINE, TAURINE

Question 9

RLE enzyme of bile acid synthesis?

Answer 9

7-alpha hydroxylase

Question 10

B3, NAC, is used in what kinds of rxns?

Xu is called?

Answer 10

DEHYDROGENASE RXNS

Xu –> Pellagra

Question 11

Remember, B5 is …

Answer 11

CoA

- pantothenic acid

Question 12

Active form of B6 is…

Answer 12

pyridoxal 5-phosphate

• AA metabolism
• needs Mg as cofactor

Question 13

Homocysteine -> Methionine

vitamin needed?

Answer 13

B12 - COBALAMIN

Question 14

B12 also frees _____ to make THF.

Answer 14

FOLATE

Question 15

Vit C used in what type of RXNs?

Answer 15

HYDROXYLATION

Question 16

Biotin used in what type of RXNs?

Answer 16

CARBOXYLASE

- if you eat too much raw egg, you will not absorb biotin

Question 17

A stored mainly in LR as?

Answer 17

Retinyl Palmitate

Question 18

E stored mainly in ?

Answer 18

FAT

Question 19

Various forms of Vit D:
SKIN:
LR:
KD:

Answer 19

SKIN - D3 or Cholecalciferol
LR - 25 hydro D3
KD - 1-25-dihydro D3

Question 20

D3 is made from what with the help of UV light?

Answer 20

7-hydroxycholesterol

Question 21

25 hydro D3 can make two forms of D in the KD depending on Ca levels and PTH.
+PTH —>
-PTH —>

Answer 21

+PTH —> 1-25 dihydro D3 (increase serum Ca)

-PTH —> 24-25 dihydro D3 (decreases serum Ca)

Question 22

Selenium is part of?

protects against?

Answer 22

Glutathione peroxidase

- mercury poisoning - heavy metals

Question 23

Cobalt is part of vitamin?

Answer 23

B12 hence COBAlamin

Question 24

CoQ10 is located where?

- made w cholesterol

Answer 24

ETC

• also an antioxidant
• made in the cholesterol pathway

Question 25

Glutathione is a tripeptide made of?

Answer 25

Step 1: Glutamate + Cysteine
…. Cysteine is rate limiting component
…. w enzyme GGCS
Step2: Glycine added w GSH enz (glutathione synthetase)

Question 26

Glutathione is preserved by?

Answer 26

Vit C