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First year semester 2 > Structures and functions of the Vertebral Column > Flashcards

Structures and functions of the Vertebral Column Flashcards

1
Q

What are the boundaries of the thoracic cavity?

A
  1. cranial border = Thoracic inlet at level of first rib. Caudal border = diaphragm
  2. Dorsal = thoracic vertebrae, ventral border = sternum: manubrium to xiphroid
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2
Q

What are the boundaries of the abdominal cavity?

A
  1. Crainally diaphragm to pelvic inlet caudally

2. Lumbar vertebrae dorsally to muscular abdominal wall ventrally (rectus abdominal oblique msucles) 7:56

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3
Q

What is the boundaries of the pelvic cavity

A
  1. within pelvis
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4
Q

What are the common functions of the 3 body cavities. and name the three and what is within

A

Function: support and protect internal organs

  1. Thoracic cavity: heart, aorta, lungs
  2. Abdominal cavity: GI organs: stomach, gut, spleen, liver
  3. Pelvic cavity: reproductive and GI organs
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5
Q

Facts about canine ribcage

A

i. 13 thoracic vertebrae
ii. 13 ribs
iii. 12 intercostal spaces
iv. 8 sternebra = sternum
v. Ribs articulate with vertebrae and sternum

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6
Q

What are the articular facets of the vertebral column?

Which have these distinct articular faces

A
  1. 4 articular surfaces per vertebra
  2. 2 cranial and 2 caudal
  3. the cranial facets are lateral (xxx) ventral (cervical) to caudal facets
  4. cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions form synovial joint
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7
Q

Where is there an exception in the articular facets of the vertebrae?

A
  1. Atlanto-occipital joint (atlas C1 and occipital bone of skull)
  2. Atlanto-axial joint (atlas and axis C2)
  3. Occipito- atlanto- axial complex
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8
Q

Talk about Atlanto- Occipital joint

A
  1. AO = Articulation between atlas and occipital condyles of the skull
  2. AO = joint limited to flexion and extension by wings of C1 = “yes joint”
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9
Q

Talk about Atlanto Axial joint

A
  1. AA = these are atypical vertebrae
  2. joint allows lateral rotation
  3. AA = no flexion and extension due to dorsal spinous process of C2 = “No” joint
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10
Q

Talk about Occipito- Atlanto- Axial complex

A
  1. this is a combination “universal joint” as

2. allows a full range of movement without any damage to the spinal cord

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11
Q

What are the Thoracic body wall components, outside to inside

A
  1. Skin
  2. Cutaneous trunci (skin twitch)
  3. Superficial fascia (fat)
  4. Deep fascia (connective tissue covering muscles) and muscles
  5. Ribs
  6. Endothoracic fascia
  7. Pleura, v thin
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12
Q

What are 2 types of muscles in the thoracic body wall?

A
  1. Epaxial = muscles above the level of the transverse process on vertebrae = very dorsal muscles on vertebral column
  2. Hypaxial = msucles below the transverse process = lateral wall muscles, thoracic, abdominal
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13
Q

Role of hypaxial

A
  1. ventral to level of transverse process
  2. diverse function
  3. Abdominal wall muscle, thoracic wall msucles
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14
Q

Epaxial muscles muscle groups

A
  1. 3 longitudinal muscle groups
  2. Very dorsal/medial = Transversospinalis (between transverse and spinous processes)
  3. Middle = longissimus (muscle fibres are long from illeum up to thoracic region)
  4. Illiocostalis = lateral (run from illeum up to ribcage)
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15
Q

What is the function of the Epaxial muscles

A
  1. extension, flexion and some lateral movement of the vertebral column
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16
Q

What is an additional support to the epaxial muscles?

A
  1. The nuchal ligament: support head
  2. in cervical region
  3. connective tissue
  4. large animals - large head so very extensive nuchal ligament
17
Q

Hypaxial muscles: thoracic region: superficial and deep

A

Superficial
1. additional support from forelimb extrinsic group muscles that lie on top of ribcage
2. Lat dorsi
3. pectorals
4. External abdominal oblique = accessory expirator muscle
DEEP
1. serratus ventralis

18
Q

What is the role of the serratus ventralis

A
  1. cranial part = retractor
  2. Caudal = protractor
    which is why pivoting point is half way down scapula
  3. accessory inspiratory muscle
19
Q

External and internal intercostal muscles

A
  1. External intercostal msucles
    - caudoventral fibres
    - extend to level of costochondral junction no further
  2. Internal intercostal muscles (deep)
    - cranioventral fibres
    - Extend to sternum
    - function during both inspiration adn expiration
    - allow ribcage to work as single functional unit
20
Q

What muscles play a role in inspiration? and what is their name?

A 
NAME: accessory inspirators
4 muscles
1. serratus ventralis msucle = extrinsic msucle of forelimb
UNDERNEATH SV = 
2. Scalenus muscle = 3 heads
3. Rectus thoracis muscle = 1 head
4. Serratus dorsalis cranialis = 2 heads
21
Q

Location of accessory inspiration muscles

A
  1. Most dorsally, under serratus ventralis = Serratus Dorsalis (CRANIALIS). Thoracolumbar fascia = ribs. Caudal and cranial part. Cranial = role in inspiration, caudal = ex
  2. Scalenus muscle = 3 heads = looks like saw! in middle
  3. Rectus thoracis muscle = 1 head = ventral aspect
22
Q

Nerve, artery and vein supply of intercostal muscles

A
  1. Run together down the caudal aspect of ribs to costocondral junction
  2. Branch (bifarbricate) at CCJ to run down both aspects
  3. Join at sternum
  4. intercostal artery joins with ilneternal thoracic artery
23
Q

What muscles play a role in Expiration?

What is these muscles job?

A

Job = pull ribs caudally and medially

  1. Diaphragm = main
  2. Serratus dorsalis caudalis muscle
  3. External abdominal oblique muscle
  4. Transersus thoracis muscle
24
Q

Where is the location of the apex of the heart?

A
  1. 5th intercostalspace

2. just dorsally to olecranon

25
Q

Muscles of the abdominal wall

A
  1. Linea Alba = white fibrous chord in middle from sternum to pelvis
  2. Rectus abdominus muscle = 6 pack
    O = sternum
    I = pelvis
    Cranio caudal fibres
    Transverse tendinous insertions
  3. Laterally = 3 layers of abdominal oblique msucles
    - External ab
    - Transvers ab ob
    - internal abdominal oblique
26
Q

Which abdominal oblique muscles extend to caudal area and which don’t?

A
  1. Transverse doesn’t

2. External and internal at caudal aspect of lateral abdomin

27
Q

What is the name of the canal found in the abdominal region?

A
  1. Inguinal canal
  2. External pudendal artery adn vein
  3. Genitofemoral nerve
28
Q

What are the names of the deep and superficial blood supply?

A

Deep:
- Cranial abdominal A (behind rib 13 cranial to abdomen)
- Cranial epigastric A (behind sternum ventral to abdomen)
- Caudal epigastric A (caudal to cranial epi)
- Deep corcumflex iliac A (caudal to cranial ab)
SUPERFICIAL: as soon as cut through skin)
- Cranial superficial epigastric A
Caudal superficial epigastric A

First year semester 2 (50 decks)

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