Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

First year semester 2 > Equine proximal and Distal hindlimb > Flashcards

Equine proximal and Distal hindlimb Flashcards

1
Q

Broadly what is the main difference in the hindlimb regions between a dog and horse

A

For Horse

  1. 3 rd digit is the main weight bearing:
  2. no muscles in this region, all muscles = located in crus region
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the difference in the ilium between large animals and dog/ cat. What does this mean in terms of tuber coxae, tuber sacrael and tuber ischium for the large animal?

A
  1. Small animals wing projects vertically
  2. Large, including ruminants, wing projects laterally
  3. Tuber coxae = lateral projection
  4. Tuber sacral (very medial, highest point,
  5. Tuber ischium projects caudally
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the palpable features of the horse pelvis?

A
  1. Tuber sacrale (farily difficult)
  2. Tuber coxae
  3. Tuber ischium = deep palpation, sometimes can’t palpate due to hamstring muscles: bicep femoris, semitendenosus and semimembranosus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is different about the sacroiliac joint in dogs and horses

A
  1. Horse = 5 fused sacral vertebrae, dogs 3
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What type of joint is the sacroiliac joint?

What does this mean

A
  1. fibrous but deep inside it is Partly cartilaginous
  2. partly synovial
  3. Means there is slight flexibility and movement at joint however provides fixed point of attachment = fixes pelvis to vertebral column
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the sacrotuberous ligament?

what is the different between large and small animals

A
  1. fibrous, string ligament that runs from the dorsal sacrum C1 to ischiatic tuberosity
  2. large animals much broader than in small
  3. Cats = ASBENT
  4. Large it covers almost entire lateral aspect of pelvis. Runs from dorsal sacrum and ilium to ischium tuberosity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What relaxes during partuition?

A
  1. Sacrotuberous ligament

2. Sacroiliac joint ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the names of the holes in the sacrotuberous? what emerges from them?

A
  1. Greater sciatic foramen (on top on greater sciatic notch) = gluteal nerve
  2. lesser sciatic foramen = sciatic nerve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the components of the hip joint in horses

A
  1. very much same as in dog
  2. Acetabulum articulates with ehad of femur
  3. Accetabulum: lunate surface, acetabular fossa (rough deeper structure), transverse ligament (covers the C gap)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

HEad of femur differences dog vs horse

A
  1. Large fovea capitus on head of femur
  2. becuase (dogs have 1 ligament = ligamental fovea/ round lig/ teres) horses have additional ligament, accessory ligament
    3.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hip joint location of pre pubic tendon.

What is the extension of the pre pubic and why

A
  1. Pre pubic tendon = cranial aspect
  2. There is huge pressure on this tendon from abdominal organs so the accessory tendon is an extension of the pre pubic and it extends up to transverse ligament, underneath and attached onto head of femur
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why can’t horse kick laterally

A
  1. accessory ligament prevents

2. horse kicking laterally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the hind limb retractor muscles/ What are they also?

A
  1. extensors of the hip joint
  2. Biceps femoris
  3. Semitendinosus
  4. Semimembranosus
  5. Sciatic nerve (lateral aspect of bicep femoris)
  6. Gluteal = gluteal nerve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why does the horse have a “ rounded rump”

A

Hamstring muscles have a very well developed lumbo sacral fasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Gluteal

A
  1. Extensor/ abductor/ hindlimb retractor
  2. O = sacropelvic region
    I = greater trochanter
    Gluteal nerve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 2 ligaments essential to hip movement?

A
  1. ligamental fovea

2. accessory ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hip joitn movmeent

A

limited to felxion adn extension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why is dislocation of hip in horses rare

A
  1. additional strength due to 2 ligament
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What can you palpate at hip joint?

A

Tuber coxae, tuber ischium, greater trochanter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Proximal Femur differences in horses

A
  1. proximal end: horse the greater trochanter has a cranial and caudal part. dogs = only 1
  2. Horse = third trochanter = only in horses where the superficial gluteal inserts onto
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Distal end in horses Femur

A
  1. Medial and lateral condyles
  2. medial trochlear ridge
  3. trochlear groove = patella
  4. on top of condyles = epicondyles on both medial and lateral
  5. Expansion of medial trochlear ridge = specific to horses = tuber of medial trochlear ridge on it
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Horse seasmoid bones

A
  1. PAtella has 3 patella ligaments, not 2: mdeial, middle adn lateral ligaments
  2. all patella
  3. NO fabellae
  4. NO popliteal seasmoid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is funcitonally significant about the tuber of medial trochlear ridge

A
  1. when patella moves up, when horse wants to lcok stifle joint:
  2. patella locking mechanism = stay apparatus
    only occurs due to tuber presesnt on the medial trochlear ridge
24
Q

Which ligaments of the patella engage with the tuber of the medial trochlear ridge?

A
  1. Mideal and middle ligaments
25
Q

In terms fo the stifle joint what are the ligaments?

28.51

A
  1. Femorotibial ligament (same as dog)
  2. Lateral femoro-patellar
  3. Medial femoro-patellar components: these doe’t extend up to fabellae (as don’t exist) so patella to femoral epicondyles
26
Q

Patellae locking mechanism in horses

A
  1. Stifle extended = patella proximal
  2. Patella rotated medially
  3. patella located in between medial and middle ligaments, rests n tubercle
  4. Expanded tubercle of medial trochlear ridge is now between middle and medial patellar ligament
  5. locks joint in extension
27
Q

what componetns make up the stifle joitn?

A
  1. Femoro- patellar
  2. Lateral femoro tibial
  3. Medial femoro tibial
    joint capsule extends from condyles of femur to condyles of tibia
    - LFT and FB = 25% communication
    - MFT and FP = communicates completely = medial component is more extensive
28
Q

Tibai and fibula

A
  1. fibula enen more reduced than in dogs
  2. No fibula at distal end so both *lateral and medial malleolus are part of tibia
    3.
29
Q

What is the depression on the lateral aspect of the femur?
when tendon runs though
what is corresponding depression in tibia

A
  1. extensor fossa
  2. Tendon of long digital extensor which lies in the stifle joint
  3. corresponding depression in tibia = extensor groove
30
Q

What can you palpate on the horse?

A
  1. greater trochanter
  2. third trochanter
  3. lateral and medial condyles
  4. tibial tuberosity
  5. patella
  6. medial and lateral malleoli
31
Q

What is the arrangment of tarsus boens in dog, pig, ox, horse

A
  1. dog and pig = 7 tarsal bones
  2. Horse = 6, 1st and 2nd are fuses
  3. OX = 5, centre tarsal and 4th fused and 2nd and 3rd
32
Q

Where is the most movement and little movement?

A
  1. Tarso-crural joint (same as dogs) = dorsal to talus

2. no movement between distal inter tarsal and tarso metatarsal joint (bottom)

33
Q

Talk about tarsal bones:

A
  1. Calcaneus
  2. Talus
  3. CEntral tarsal bone
  4. 1st adn 2nd fused
  5. 3rd
  6. 4th which extends to the middle row
  7. Central tarsal is the largest
  8. Third almsot same sixe as central
34
Q

What are the palpable regions of the tarsus?

A
  1. dorsomedial aspect

2. dorso latera

35
Q

Where are the locations of the palpabel tarsocrural pouches?

A
  1. Dorsomedial aspect
  2. Plantarolateral aspect
  3. Plantaromedial aspect
36
Q

Collateral ligaments

A
  1. Long collateral ligament extends from medial and lateral malleoli from tibia up to metatarsal
  2. short collateral ligaments for individual rows
37
Q

What ligaments are in the tarsus region

A
  1. collateral ligaments

2. plantar ligaments

38
Q

Plantar ligament

A
  1. Planter aspect lig extends from tuber calcani up to metatarsal bone
  2. this ligament counteracts the forces ( coming onto the tuber calcani
  3. on top of lig = fibrocartilagenous reinforcement
  4. retinaculum = sleeve liek structure covering whole joint
39
Q

Hock flexion

A
  1. Cranial tibial muscle

2. Peroneus tertius

40
Q

What is different about the cranial tibia muscle in horse vs dog

A
  1. horse has extension at point of insertion = cunean tendon
  2. O = lateral condyle and tibial tuberosity of tibia and then splits. I = 3rd MT and cunean tendon to medial aspect of hock
  3. CT located at medial aspect of distal joint at central tarsal bone
41
Q

Peroneus tertius

A 
O = lateral femoral condyle
I = 3rd MT (with cranial tibial)
I = Lateral aspect of tarsus
Mainly fibrous
landmark for locating the lateral aspect distal joints
42
Q

What is the difference in the peroneus tertius between horses and dogs?

A
  1. horse = only peroneus tertius

2. No peroneus longus or peroneus bravis, long fibula, short fibula

43
Q

What bones are vestigial in horses crus region

A

Splint bones

44
Q

Hock extension

A
  1. same as for dogs

2. all that contribute to the common calcanean tendon

45
Q

What muscles contribute to the common calcanean tendon?

Where do they insert

A
  1. Biceps femoris
  2. semitendinosus
  3. Gracilis (medial, on top of adductor)
  4. Gastrocnemius (2 heads)
  5. Soleus (horse and cat)
  6. Superficial digital flexor tendon
    INSERT = calcanean tuberosity
46
Q

What are flexors of the hock in terms of distally and extensors of hock

A
  1. flexors of hokc, are extensors of digit distally

2. Extensors of the hock, are flexors of the digit distally

47
Q

On the dorsal and planter aspects of the tarsus region what tendons do you have?

A 
DORSAL
1. long digital extensor
2. lateral digital extensor 
PLANTER
1. Deep digital felxor
2. SDF
- all tendons have tendon sheaths that protect and held by retinaculum (sleeve like structure that wraps around)
48
Q

What is the relationship between the hock joint and stifle in horses?
What 2 structures mean that this happens?

A
  1. the hock joint and stifle move together
  2. if stifle extended, hock is extended too
    Structures: Peroneys Tertius adn Superficial Digital Flexor
49
Q

What is the relationship between the hock joint and stifle in horses?
What 2 structures mean that this happens?

A

CALLED RECIPROCAL APPARATUS
1. the hock joint and stifle joint move together: reciprocate one another
2. if stifle extended, hock is extended too
Structures: Peroneus Tertius and Superficial Digital Flexor

50
Q

What is functional importance of the trochlea on the talus?

A
  1. it is very oblique = very angles
  2. pes rotates laterally to forelimbs, to prevent overreach injuries
  3. During extension pes moves into midline
  4. So horses can’t abduct limb/ laterally kick
51
Q

Palpable landmarks of distal limb

A
  1. Calcaneus bone
  2. Common calcanean tendon
  3. Metatarsal bones (cannon and splints)
  4. Chesnut
  5. Ergot
    PES = SDF, DDF
52
Q

What is in the pes region?

A
  1. distal to tarsal
  2. consists of metacarpal bones, proximal, middle and distal phalanx
  3. same as manus region in forelimb
53
Q

Differences in the check ligaments between fore and hind limb

A
  1. check ligament absent/ very poorly developed in superficial digital flexor tendon, forelimb = superior check ligament
  2. Check ligament for deep digital flexor is poorly developed. Forelimb = inferior check ligament
  3. no common digital extensor tendon, called long digital extensor tendon instead
54
Q

Stay apparatus

A
  1. ability to lock weight bearing hind limb in extension
  2. allows horse to sleep when standing as horse stands with minimal muscular effort
  3. In hind: stifle joint, hock joint, pes region NOT HIP
  4. Expanded tuber on medial trochlear ridge and midial and middle patella ligaments = lock
  5. Hock joint: recriprocal apparatus = when stifle flexed, hock flexed
  6. Digit: same as forelimb: suspensory apparatus of fetlock
55
Q

Nerve supply in hindlimb

A
  1. similar to dog
  2. Sciatic nerve over lesser sciatic notch, caudally
  3. S branches into Common peroneal/ fibular and tibial
  4. Common peroneal/ fibular divides into superficial (innervate superficial muscles like cranial tibial) and deep (peroneus group muscles and lateral digital extensor) branch
  5. Tibial divides into medial planter and lateral plantar which as passes through digital region = plantar digital nerves. Plantar metatarsal nerve also
56
Q

In the Pes region what is diff in the hind limb vs fore in the nerve supply?

A
  1. On superficial dorsal aspect = contribution from peroneal/ fibular nerve = both lateral and medial branches
57
Q

Nerve supply in terms of digits

A
  1. come from planter nerve (continuation of tibia nerve)
  2. plantar metatarsal neves = from tibial
  3. Dorsal aspect of distal limb = peroneal/ fiblar nerve: medial and lateral branches

First year semester 2 (50 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions