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First year semester 2 > Housing of the Dairy herd and dairy and heifer rearing > Flashcards

Housing of the Dairy herd and dairy and heifer rearing Flashcards

1
Q

What is a dry cow and what are the different types

A
  1. not milking, between lactations
    a) far off = early dry period
    b) transition cow = last 3-4 weeks if dry period = part introduction of lactation ration
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2
Q
  1. What is youngstock

2. what are castrated males called

A
  1. Weaned young male or female cattle reared either for breeding or meat
  2. Bullock, steer, stirk
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3
Q

What are the different stages of life that we need to house for

A

i. Unweaned calves
ii. Growing heifer
iii. Bulling heifer
iv. High yielders
v. Low yielders
vi. Dry cow
House for other issues:
sick, lame, calving, handling, (AI, injection, drying off), milking, bull, feed, water, bedding, waste

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4
Q

What are the positives and negatives to straw yards

A
  1. higher mastitis
  2. More bedding required: less straw around UK as stems of crop decreasing
  3. less choice bedding
  4. reduced lameness
  5. cow can choose how to lie = more comfy
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5
Q

What is the management needed for straw yards

A
  1. compost build up
  2. daily topping up
  3. complete clear out every 3-6 weeks
  4. 2-3 tonnes per cow per 180 days
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6
Q

What are the best designs of straw yards like

A
  1. Min 1.25^2 per 1000 litres, loafing area = 3m^2 per cow
  2. rectangle as cows like lying against wall
  3. Can only access water from a clear passage - reduce wee/ water spillage in straw
  4. Dry straw store and good ventilation
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7
Q

What is the thermal neutral zone for a cow

A

-5 to 25 degs

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8
Q

What is the positives to cubicle housing

A
  1. higher cleanliness: faeces falls into passage
  2. lot more choice of bedding
  3. less mastitis
  4. efficient use of space
  5. less mastitis
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9
Q

What are the negatives to cubicle housing

A
  1. More lameness
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10
Q

What are the requirements for cubicle housing

A
  1. lunging space- if lot of animals standing indicates difficulty getting up
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11
Q

What are the different names of bull

A
  1. Stock bull = breeding bull
  2. Sweeper bull = dairy herd using mostly AI = used to mate repeat breeder cows/ when farm too busy for oestrus detection
  3. Terminal sire = acorss species = his offspring are reared for meat
  4. Bull beef = entire males fattened for meat
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12
Q

What considerations do you need to have when building a cow shed

A
  1. Ease of management
  2. Hygiene
  3. Lameness
  4. Ventilation
  5. Welfare codes
  6. Cow flow
  7. Intervention/ restraint
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13
Q

What will improve milk yield?

A
  1. Locomotion = want cows to rest as much as possible = only bring a small group of cows in to milk at a time
  2. water
  3. no stressors = keep group stable so not to disrupt social hierarchy, same timetable
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14
Q

How can you improve the cubicle so inc animals using

A
  1. use a cargo strap - metal bars poke into sides, hard to get up
  2. use a brisket board/ half pipe = can stretch legs forward
  3. NO NEED FOR A NECK RAIL
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15
Q

What are the necessary components to a cubicle

A
  1. Length = 2.3m open front, 2.6m against wall
  2. Width = 1.2 m
  3. Kerb = 15-20 cm
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16
Q

What beddign can u use in a cubicle? and how to check comfort

A

Straw, sand, manure solids, mattress, waterbed

KNEE DROP TEST

17
Q

What are the legal requirements of the number of cubicles?

A
  1. 1 cubicle per cow
  2. recommendation = 5-10% extra so don’t have to lie next to dominant
  3. every 20 cubicles = one cross over point
18
Q

What flooring is best for cubicles.

how to check this

A
  1. hexagonal grooves = grip in every direction

2. check = spill water and see how slippy

19
Q

From a mastitis CONTROL point of view which group is the msot important

A
  1. Dry cows- disease cna lay dormant and come when milking starts
20
Q

Slurry management

A
  1. automatic scrapers best

2. BEst to move every 2 hrs to avoid build up of slurry going on feet = utters = mastitis risk

21
Q

Feeding protocol

A
  1. 10 cm per 1000 litres or per 100kg body weight

2. cows have to put one foot infront of the other when grazing - if can’t = inc height of food

22
Q

Water protocol

A
  1. 10% of group needs to drink
  2. peaks at sunset and after milking
    3.
23
Q

3 Facts about colostrum

A
  1. 10% body weight ideally before 2 hrs old
  2. another 10% in the next 6-12 hours
  3. fridge up to 24hrs, freezer 1 year
24
Q

Why does the calf need milk ASAP

A
  1. Immunoglobulins will start falling in the milk as soon as calf is born
25
Q

How to assess if calf getting enough colostrum

A
  1. blood sample 24hrs to 7 days

2. zinc sulphate turbidity test

26
Q

How much milk does an average calf need

A
  1. 5-6 litres, best 3 times a day
27
Q

How should milk replacer be fed?

A
  1. based on skim milk or whey: 20-26% crude protein. 18-20% fat for growth
  2. Feed at 37-39 degrees. this should be consistent
    3.
28
Q

How to develop rumen?

A
  1. unweaned calf, abomasum = main. For rumen to develop = need to expose to forage (hay , straw, silage) = rumen inc in size.
  2. also need water for rumen development
29
Q

What are routine procedures for calves

A
  1. tagging
  2. disbudding (up to 2 months, after = anaesthetic)
  3. Castration. Above 2 months = vet
    * *avoid all these around weaning as stressful**
30
Q

Positives and negs to group hosuing of calves

A
  1. Good social interaction
  2. less grownt (10-15% less
  3. navel suckling issue
  4. less labour
31
Q

What is good calf hygiene

A
  1. Boot dip
  2. Separate equipment
  3. no contact wiht older cattle: yeonies
  4. All in all out system best
32
Q

What sort of ventilation for calves

A
  1. Young animals, body mass usually not big enough for stack effect = tunnel ventilation is good
33
Q

What are weight targets for dairy calf rearing

A
  1. weaning = 2 months >70kg
  2. Puberty = 12 months = 45-50% of expected adult
  3. Service = 15 months = 65% expected adult weight
  4. 1st calving = 24 months = 85-90% expected adult weight
34
Q

What are the facts about castration adn tagging

A 
1. Tagging: Dairy: 1st tag <36 hours old
• Beef: both tags, dairy: 2nd tag <20 days old
• Passport application <27 days old
2. Castration Rubber ring <1 week old
• Stockperson <2 months old

First year semester 2 (50 decks)

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