Nerves and Blood supply of hindlimb Flashcards
What makes up the pes region?
Metatarsus and phalanges
Palmer aspect of pes diff to forelimb
No stopper/ carpal pad
Dew claw variable in dog, less common than in fore.
Always absent in cat
When is the hock in extension?
- when the animal is standing
What muscles cause flexion in the hock
Muscles that run cranial/ dorsal to limb
Peroneal/ fibular nerve (branch of sciatic)
1. Cranial tibial muscle
Cranial tibial muscle
O = lateral tibia I = Metatarsal bones
What muscles cause flexion in the hock
Muscles that run cranial/ dorsal to limb
Peroneal/ fibular nerve (branch of sciatic)
1. Cranial tibial muscle
2. Peroneus longus/ long fibular muscle
3. Peroneus brevis/ short fibular muscle
(4. Peroneus tertius/ third fibular = not present in dog and cat)
Cranial tibial muscle
Cranial lateral aspect
O = lateral tibia
I = proximal Metatarsal bones
Crosses tarsal joint at cranial/ dorsal aspect :. flexor of tarsus
Peroneus Longus/ long fibular muscle and Peroneus brevis/ short fibular msucle
PL/ LFM = O = lateral tibia and fibula I = plantar aspect tarsus PB/ SFB O = tibia and fibula I = 5th metatarsal bone INNNNNN = peroneal/ fibular nerve (branch of sciatic)
Hock flexor/ digital extensor msucles
- Long digital extensor muscle equiv to common dig extensor in forelimb
O = Extensor fossa (femur)
Tendon of origin = stifle joint capsule, provides lateral collateral support to stifle
I = all digits = 4 branches - LATERAL digital extensor
O = lateral aspect tibia
I = fuse with lateral branches of long digital extensor. Few digits only 4th, 5th and possible 3rd digit
Hock flexor/ digital extensor msucles
- Long digital extensor muscle equiv to common dig extensor in forelimb
O = Extensor fossa (femur)
Tendon of origin = stifle joint capsule, provides lateral collateral support to stifle
I = all digits = 4 branches - LATERAL digital extensor
O = lateral aspect tibia
I = fuse with lateral branches of long digital extensor. Middle phalanx Few digits only 4th, 5th and possible 3rd digit
Which tendond of which muscles contribute to the common calcanean tendon?
- biceps femoris
- semitendinosus
- Gracilis
Where will the hock extensor muscles be passing?
will pass at planter aspect
- Gastrocnemius
- superficial digital flexor
- common tendons of bicep femoris, semitendinosus and gracilis
Bicep femoris
- extensive msucle
- crosses hip and stifle joint and insterts onto tarsus through common calcanean tendon
- so is extensor of hip, flexor of stifle and extensor of hock
(semitendinosis and gracilis also cross multiple joints)
Hock extensor/ digital flexor muscle
- Superficial digital flexor muscle
Superficial digital flexor muscle
Hock extensor/ digital flexor muscle
O = on top of lateral condyle of femur lateral popliteal fossa femur
I = tuber calcaneus (common calcanean tendon)
I = Branches to all digits, inserts onto middle phalanx
INNERVATION = Tibial nerve (branch of sciatic
What are all the cranio lateral muscles innervated by?
what about caudal plantar medial aspect
- fibula nerve
2. Tibial
Hock extensor msucle:
- Deep digital flexor muscle (2 heads), fore = 3!
O = tibia - Lateral head
- Medial head
The tendon of these 2 heads merges to for 1 tendon, then as pass tarsal joint divides into 4 branches
INNN = tibial nerve
Hind limb nerve supply
- Spinal nerves: L5, L6, L7, S1, S2
- Dorsal branches
- ventral branches form the lumbosacral plexus
- Emerging peripheral nerves to the hindlimb msucles =
- Gluteal nerve (cranial and caudal)
- Obturator nerve
- Femoral nerve
- Sciatic nerve whcih branches into tibial and fibular nerve
Gluteal nerve
- motor only
- runs over dorsal surface if body or ilium
- Has a cranial and caudal branch
- innervates only Gluteal muscles
- Emerges right on top of greater sciatic notch of ilium
- all abductor msucles insert onto greater trocanter of femur = supplies hindlimb abductors
Obturator nerve
- motor only
- Passes through obturator foramen (hole in ventral aspect of pelvis)
- short route to medial thigh
- Innervated ADDUCTORS: GAPE
Gracilis
Adductor
Pectineus
External Obturator
Femoral nerve
- mixed motor and sensory
- motor: cranial thigh muscles = hip flexors and stifle extensors
ILLIOPSOAS
SARTORIUS - hip flexor + protractor
QUADRICEPS (all heads) = stifle extensor
If the femoral nerve is damages what would be clinical signs?
- cannot extend stifle - cannot weight bear, no compensation
- Loss of patellar reflex
Sciatic nerve
- mixed motor and sensory
- runs over dorsal surface body of ilium, over lesser sciatic notch
- passes caudal to hip
- Runs deep to biceps femoris
- motor. innervates all extensors of hip but as well it crosses caudally so innervates flexors of stifle and extensors of hock
- caudal thigh muscle: hip extensors/ limb retractors
stifle felxors:
a) biceps femoris
b) semitendinosus
c) semimembranosus
(hamstring muscles)
How does the sciatic nerve divide?
- into 2
- deeper caudal = tibial branch
- cranial lateral muscles whihc are flexors of hock and some are extensors of digits are innervated by fibular/ peroneal nerve
Tibial nerve
- deeper caudal branch of sciatic nerve
- Innervates all caudal group muscles
- Caudal crural muscles:
a) hock extensors = gastrocnemius
b) Digital felxors: SUPERFICIAL digital flexor and DEEP digital flexor - SEnsory innervation = caudal/ plantar aspect limb
Fibular/ peroneal
- branch of sciatic
- motor = cranial crural muscles: hock flexors
a) cranial tibial
b) peroneau group
Digital extensors
a) long digital extensor
b) lateral digital extenosr - Sensory = cranial/ dorsal aspect limb
Lateral thigh
Clinical signs of sciatic nerve damage:
- depends on where damage occurs
- fibular/ peroneal nerve damage = flexors of hock and extensors of digit
- Tibial = compromise extensors of hock and flexors of digit
- thigh region = affect tibial and fibular as well as flexors of stifle and extensors of hip
Sciatic nerve damage what can still occur
- abduction (gluteals
- Adduction (obturator nerve
- protract/ flex hip (femoral nerve) = extend stifle
Blood supply of hind limb
- Major aorta on dorsal aspect, ventral to vertebral column =
External iliac artery in pelvis region. - as soon as this enters thigh (femoral region) = femoral artery
- Femoral artery has a saphenous branch that goes to superficial blood supple to
- pes region = popliteal artery,
- then crus region = cranial tibial artery which provides a deeper supply to the paw
Femoral triangle
Borders formed by 3 muscles: adductor sartoreus and pecteneus muscle
- femoral artery: pulse
- femoral vein: intravascular catheters
- femoral nerve: saphenous branch
Blood supply in pes region
2 dorsal blood supplies: superficial and deep
- Superficial: comes from sephaneous artery = cranial branch of tibialcommon digital arteries (dorsal and plantar)
- Deep: tibial artery = metatarsal arteries (dorsal adn plantar
- these join togetehr adn then divide axial and abaxial
Venous drainage
- superficial and deep supply
- external iliac, femoral, cranial and caudal tibial
- superficial vein on lateral aspect = lateral saphenous vein
Lymphatic drainage
- popliteal lymph node (caudal to stifle
- Enlarged in response to infection
- Can use to differentiate between localised/ generalised disease
- important for meat inspection in food producing animals
