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First year semester 2 > Nerves and Blood supply of hindlimb > Flashcards

Nerves and Blood supply of hindlimb Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the pes region?

A

Metatarsus and phalanges

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2
Q

Palmer aspect of pes diff to forelimb

A

No stopper/ carpal pad
Dew claw variable in dog, less common than in fore.
Always absent in cat

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3
Q

When is the hock in extension?

A
  1. when the animal is standing
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4
Q

What muscles cause flexion in the hock

A

Muscles that run cranial/ dorsal to limb
Peroneal/ fibular nerve (branch of sciatic)
1. Cranial tibial muscle

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5
Q

Cranial tibial muscle

A 
O = lateral tibia
I = Metatarsal bones
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6
Q

What muscles cause flexion in the hock

A

Muscles that run cranial/ dorsal to limb
Peroneal/ fibular nerve (branch of sciatic)
1. Cranial tibial muscle
2. Peroneus longus/ long fibular muscle
3. Peroneus brevis/ short fibular muscle
(4. Peroneus tertius/ third fibular = not present in dog and cat)

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7
Q

Cranial tibial muscle

A

Cranial lateral aspect
O = lateral tibia
I = proximal Metatarsal bones
Crosses tarsal joint at cranial/ dorsal aspect :. flexor of tarsus

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8
Q

Peroneus Longus/ long fibular muscle and Peroneus brevis/ short fibular msucle

A 
PL/ LFM = 
O = lateral tibia and fibula
I = plantar aspect tarsus
PB/ SFB
O = tibia and fibula
I = 5th metatarsal bone
INNNNNN = peroneal/ fibular nerve (branch of sciatic)
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9
Q

Hock flexor/ digital extensor msucles

A
  1. Long digital extensor muscle equiv to common dig extensor in forelimb
    O = Extensor fossa (femur)
    Tendon of origin = stifle joint capsule, provides lateral collateral support to stifle
    I = all digits = 4 branches
  2. LATERAL digital extensor
    O = lateral aspect tibia
    I = fuse with lateral branches of long digital extensor. Few digits only 4th, 5th and possible 3rd digit
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10
Q

Hock flexor/ digital extensor msucles

A
  1. Long digital extensor muscle equiv to common dig extensor in forelimb
    O = Extensor fossa (femur)
    Tendon of origin = stifle joint capsule, provides lateral collateral support to stifle
    I = all digits = 4 branches
  2. LATERAL digital extensor
    O = lateral aspect tibia
    I = fuse with lateral branches of long digital extensor. Middle phalanx Few digits only 4th, 5th and possible 3rd digit
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11
Q

Which tendond of which muscles contribute to the common calcanean tendon?

A
  1. biceps femoris
  2. semitendinosus
  3. Gracilis
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12
Q

Where will the hock extensor muscles be passing?

A

will pass at planter aspect

  1. Gastrocnemius
  2. superficial digital flexor
  3. common tendons of bicep femoris, semitendinosus and gracilis
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13
Q

Bicep femoris

A
  1. extensive msucle
  2. crosses hip and stifle joint and insterts onto tarsus through common calcanean tendon
  3. so is extensor of hip, flexor of stifle and extensor of hock
    (semitendinosis and gracilis also cross multiple joints)
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14
Q

Hock extensor/ digital flexor muscle

A
  1. Superficial digital flexor muscle
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15
Q

Superficial digital flexor muscle

A

Hock extensor/ digital flexor muscle
O = on top of lateral condyle of femur lateral popliteal fossa femur
I = tuber calcaneus (common calcanean tendon)
I = Branches to all digits, inserts onto middle phalanx
INNERVATION = Tibial nerve (branch of sciatic

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16
Q

What are all the cranio lateral muscles innervated by?

what about caudal plantar medial aspect

A
  1. fibula nerve

2. Tibial

17
Q

Hock extensor msucle:

A
  1. Deep digital flexor muscle (2 heads), fore = 3!
    O = tibia
  2. Lateral head
  3. Medial head
    The tendon of these 2 heads merges to for 1 tendon, then as pass tarsal joint divides into 4 branches
    INNN = tibial nerve
18
Q

Hind limb nerve supply

A
  1. Spinal nerves: L5, L6, L7, S1, S2
  2. Dorsal branches
  3. ventral branches form the lumbosacral plexus
  4. Emerging peripheral nerves to the hindlimb msucles =
  5. Gluteal nerve (cranial and caudal)
  6. Obturator nerve
  7. Femoral nerve
  8. Sciatic nerve whcih branches into tibial and fibular nerve
19
Q

Gluteal nerve

A
  1. motor only
  2. runs over dorsal surface if body or ilium
  3. Has a cranial and caudal branch
  4. innervates only Gluteal muscles
  5. Emerges right on top of greater sciatic notch of ilium
  6. all abductor msucles insert onto greater trocanter of femur = supplies hindlimb abductors
20
Q

Obturator nerve

A
  1. motor only
  2. Passes through obturator foramen (hole in ventral aspect of pelvis)
  3. short route to medial thigh
  4. Innervated ADDUCTORS: GAPE
    Gracilis
    Adductor
    Pectineus
    External Obturator
21
Q

Femoral nerve

A
  1. mixed motor and sensory
  2. motor: cranial thigh muscles = hip flexors and stifle extensors
    ILLIOPSOAS
    SARTORIUS - hip flexor + protractor
    QUADRICEPS (all heads) = stifle extensor
22
Q

If the femoral nerve is damages what would be clinical signs?

A
  1. cannot extend stifle - cannot weight bear, no compensation
  2. Loss of patellar reflex
23
Q

Sciatic nerve

A
  1. mixed motor and sensory
  2. runs over dorsal surface body of ilium, over lesser sciatic notch
  3. passes caudal to hip
  4. Runs deep to biceps femoris
  5. motor. innervates all extensors of hip but as well it crosses caudally so innervates flexors of stifle and extensors of hock
    - caudal thigh muscle: hip extensors/ limb retractors
    stifle felxors:
    a) biceps femoris
    b) semitendinosus
    c) semimembranosus
    (hamstring muscles)
24
Q

How does the sciatic nerve divide?

A
  1. into 2
  2. deeper caudal = tibial branch
  3. cranial lateral muscles whihc are flexors of hock and some are extensors of digits are innervated by fibular/ peroneal nerve
25
Q

Tibial nerve

A
  1. deeper caudal branch of sciatic nerve
  2. Innervates all caudal group muscles
  3. Caudal crural muscles:
    a) hock extensors = gastrocnemius
    b) Digital felxors: SUPERFICIAL digital flexor and DEEP digital flexor
  4. SEnsory innervation = caudal/ plantar aspect limb
26
Q

Fibular/ peroneal

A
  1. branch of sciatic
  2. motor = cranial crural muscles: hock flexors
    a) cranial tibial
    b) peroneau group
    Digital extensors
    a) long digital extensor
    b) lateral digital extenosr
  3. Sensory = cranial/ dorsal aspect limb
    Lateral thigh
27
Q

Clinical signs of sciatic nerve damage:

A
  1. depends on where damage occurs
  2. fibular/ peroneal nerve damage = flexors of hock and extensors of digit
  3. Tibial = compromise extensors of hock and flexors of digit
  4. thigh region = affect tibial and fibular as well as flexors of stifle and extensors of hip
28
Q

Sciatic nerve damage what can still occur

A
  1. abduction (gluteals
  2. Adduction (obturator nerve
  3. protract/ flex hip (femoral nerve) = extend stifle
29
Q

Blood supply of hind limb

A
  1. Major aorta on dorsal aspect, ventral to vertebral column =
    External iliac artery in pelvis region.
  2. as soon as this enters thigh (femoral region) = femoral artery
  3. Femoral artery has a saphenous branch that goes to superficial blood supple to
  4. pes region = popliteal artery,
  5. then crus region = cranial tibial artery which provides a deeper supply to the paw
30
Q

Femoral triangle

A

Borders formed by 3 muscles: adductor sartoreus and pecteneus muscle

  1. femoral artery: pulse
  2. femoral vein: intravascular catheters
  3. femoral nerve: saphenous branch
31
Q

Blood supply in pes region

A

2 dorsal blood supplies: superficial and deep

  1. Superficial: comes from sephaneous artery = cranial branch of tibialcommon digital arteries (dorsal and plantar)
  2. Deep: tibial artery = metatarsal arteries (dorsal adn plantar
  3. these join togetehr adn then divide axial and abaxial
32
Q

Venous drainage

A
  1. superficial and deep supply
  2. external iliac, femoral, cranial and caudal tibial
  3. superficial vein on lateral aspect = lateral saphenous vein
33
Q

Lymphatic drainage

A
  1. popliteal lymph node (caudal to stifle
  2. Enlarged in response to infection
  3. Can use to differentiate between localised/ generalised disease
  4. important for meat inspection in food producing animals

First year semester 2 (50 decks)

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