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First year semester 2 > Development of the Abdominal Wall > Flashcards

Development of the Abdominal Wall Flashcards

1
Q

What are the layers of the Abdominal wall?

A
  1. skin
  2. Subcutaneous Fascia (connective tissue element)
  3. Muscles
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2
Q

Talk about the subcutaneous fascia

A

Subcutaneous fascia (under skin)

  1. superficial fascia
    - contains adipose which is all over in pigs as little fur, other species = mainly groin)
    - contains cutaneous trunci muscle
  2. Deep fascia: large animals (ox, horse) = tough fibro elastic sheet = yellow in colour = yellow abdominal tunic
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3
Q

Talk about the cutaneous trunci muscle

A
  1. part of the subcutaneous fascia in the superficial fascia part
  2. very thin
  3. contraction: skin twitch
  4. pale pink colour (looks like salmon)
  5. part of subcutaneous fascia, not one of abdominal mucle
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4
Q

What are the names of the muscles of the abdominal wall? outside to inside

A

Comprised of 4 muscles

  1. Lateral aspect = 3
    a) external abdominal oblique
    b) internal abdominal oblique
    c) transverse abdominal
  2. Ventral aspect = 1
    a) Rectus adbominis (6 pack)
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5
Q

What are the functions of the abdominal muscles?

A
  1. Enclose abdominal cavity and its contents

2. Motor functions

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6
Q

What are the motor functions of the muscles of the abdominal wall?

A
  1. Contraction causes increase in intra-abdominal pressure: used in vomiting, defaecation (poo) and micturition (pee)
  2. if larynx is closed, also causes inc in intra-thoracic pressure (via diaphragm): used in breathing, coughing, sneezing
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7
Q

Rectus abdominis muscle

A
  1. Along ventrum of abdominal cavity
  2. O = ventral surface of sternal ribs/ sternum
    3: I = Cranial border of pubis, via pre-pubic tendon
  3. 2 strips of msucle: left and RHS separated by linea alba: what cut into during surgery
  4. An immature animal linea alba is pierced by umbilicus
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8
Q

External Oblique abdominal

A
  1. Outermost lateral abdominal wall muscle
  2. Originates on lateral caudal surfaces of ribs 4+ and lumbodorsal fascia
  3. Inserts on linea alba and prepubic tendon
  4. Fibres run obliquely from cranio-dorsal to caudo-ventral: run caudo ventrally!
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9
Q

Internal Oblique Abdominal

A

runs in oppo direction to External O A
1, middle lateral abdominal wall muscle
2. Originates on coxal tuber and lumbodorsal fascia
3. inserts on linea alba, last rib and cartilages of caudal ribs
4. Fibres run obliquely from caudo-dorsal to cranio-ventral: fibres run cranio ventrally

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10
Q

What about the tendons of the IOA and EOA

A

EOA: tendon passes over or under rectus abdominus to join midline = forms linea alba = tendons of muscles joining in midline, passing over or under Rectus Abdominus
IOA = tendon passes above or below RA, joins in midline again to form linea alba

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11
Q

Transverse Abdominal

A
  1. fibres run transversely
  2. Innermost later abdominal wall msucle
  3. Originates on medial surfaces of ventral parts of caudal ribs adn deep lumbodorsal fascia
  4. inserts on linea alba
  5. tendon passes over or under RA to join midline = linea alba
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12
Q

What is the linea alba made up of?

A

The tendons of all 3 lateral abdominal wall muscles joining in the midline

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13
Q

What is the relationship between the lateral abdominal wall muscles and rectus adbominis?

A
  1. the RA’s sheath is formed from the tendons of the lateral abdominal wall muscles
  2. which pass above/ below RA to join in midline
  3. join = APONEUROSIS adn forms linea alba
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14
Q

What is the relationship between the lateral muscle wall tendons and RA in large animals and small

A
  1. large animals = stay constant as run from cranial to caudal
  2. dog and cat = changing of rel of abdominal wall muscles.
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15
Q

Innervation to lateral abdominal wall muscles

A
  1. Innervated by spinal nerves of last thoracic vertebra and Lumbar 1 - L5
  2. out of spinal cord, splits into two roots:
    a) dorsal roots innervate dorsal musculature
    b) ventral branches
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16
Q

Which roots are more important and why?

What does this root split into

A
  1. Ventral as when go into abdomen = through ventrally
  2. split into 3 further branches that run inbetween each lateral abdominal wall muscles
    a) medial (closest to midline)
    b) lateral
    c) Lateral cutaneous
17
Q

What are the positions of the ventral root branches

A
  1. medial: midline runs between inner most muscle (transverse abdominus and middle muscle interal abdominal oblique which goes all way doen to supply rectus abdominus
  2. lateral = next layers.
    runs between internal adn external andominal oblique and goes half way down (not down to innervate rectus abdominus)
  3. Lateral cutaneous
    runs half way down and perforates external abdominal oblique to innervate skin
18
Q

What are the three embryological terms

A
  1. endoderm - giving rise to inner most = lining of GI and glands associated
  2. mesoderm - gives rise to muscle and connective tissue
19
Q

As the embryo develops it has a yolk sac. What happens to this sac?

A
  1. yolk sac is taken into body
  2. this goes on to form the gut
  3. 3 parts of gut: fore gut, mid gut and hind gut which give rise to different anatomy
20
Q

What parts of the abdominal anatomy does the fore, mid and hind gut give rise to?

A
  1. Foregut differentiates into cranial parts: pharynx, oesophagus, stomach and initial duodenum
  2. Midgut: rest of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, carcum, ascending/ transverse colon
  3. hindgut: descending colon and rectum
21
Q

What parts of the abdominal anatomy does the fore, mid and hind gut give rise to?

A
  1. Foregut differentiates into cranial parts: pharynx, oesophagus, stomach and first part of duodenum
  2. Midgut: rest of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum, ascending/ transverse colon
  3. hindgut: descending colon and rectum
22
Q

What part does proximal refer to in the gut?

A

in gut proximal refers to the first bit of the gut (bit of food enters proximal, leaves distal.

23
Q

How does the position of the stomach change

A
  1. enlargement, rotation, movements
  2. tube: dorsal end = dorsal mesogastrium end ventral end = ventral mesogastrium
  3. so runs from mouth to anus
  4. rotates around 2 axis
    a) initially around horizontal axis = stomach ends up left to right
    b) vertical axis = stomach ends with dorsal bit facing caudally
  5. end up with entrance of stomach being on LHS, exit on RHS, top of original faces caudally, bottom facing ventrally
  6. enlargement of narrow tube
24
Q

What side is the spleen and pancreas found adn why

A
  1. any organs that attach/ develop to stomach move
  2. dorsal aspect LHS = spleen
  3. pancreas = exit of stomach = RHS
25
Q

How does the liver develop

A
  1. junction between foregut and midgut = endodermal diverticulum
  2. this becomes the liver
  3. cranial part of this endodermal tissue = substance of liver (gland tissue and hepatic ducts)
  4. Caudal becomes associated structure (gall bladder and ducts that connect liver to gall)
  5. Liver then massively expands, occupies most of abdomen at this point.
26
Q

How does the PAncreas develop

A
  1. Junction between foregut and midgut = endodermal diverticulum (same as liver)
  2. Top = dorsal primordia = becomes left lobe
  3. Bottom = ventral primordia = becomes rihgt lobe
  4. In adult = fuse = looks like single organ but it originally started as 2 separate structures
27
Q

Why in most species does the pancreas have 2 exits?

A
  1. started as 2 separate structures that fused
  2. one from dorsal part and one from ventral
  3. exits = pancreatic and accessory pancreatic duct
28
Q

What is part of the foregut and what is the blood supply to it?

A

Stomach, liver, pancreas, first part of deudemum

1. all the organs derive from foregut = same common main branch coming off aorta = celiac artery

29
Q

What develops from midgut

What section becoems which part?

A
  1. Most of intestine of duodenum (first bit from foregut)
  2. all of jejunum
  3. Cranial limb = rest of small Intestine
  4. Caudal limb = ascending/ transverse colon
  5. Diverticulum (outpouch) arises between these to become caecum (blind ending outpouch)
30
Q

Where does the midgut continue to develop after rapid expansion of liver?

A
  1. no room in abdomen
  2. so midgut passes outside abdominal cavity and develops out
  3. physiological herniation (deliberate)
  4. rest of abdomen then elongates, eventaully enough room for gut tubes to go back in and umbilicus seals to keep in abdominal cavity.
31
Q

Where is the colon situation

A
  1. Colon passes up animal to cranial end, across animal infront of cranial mesenteric attachment, then all the way back down to anus
32
Q

What is the rotation of the mudgut

A
  1. Cranial limb rotates around its arterial axis so caudal limb is pulled cranially and to LHS, twists around cranial mesonteric artery
  2. caudal limb pulled across abdomen to RHS
  3. caecum and ascending colon pulled with it to RHS
  4. Transverse colon ends up passing cranial to cranial mesenteric artery
33
Q

Development of hind gut

A
  1. rotation of midgut and elongation of tubes drags hindgut to LHS of abdomen
    - descending colon = twisted and dragged to LHS = runs down animal on LHS
  2. Hind differentiates into descending colon and rectum
  3. Urorectal septum = separation between 2 tubes (faecal adn urinary material shares same tube)
  4. Urorectal septum enlarges to meet cloacal membrane creating 2 separate tubes: dorsal = faecal, ventral = forms urogenital tract
34
Q

What is the blood supply to the hindgut

A

Branches of caudal mesenteric artery

35
Q

What is the blood supply to the foregut, mid and hind

A
  1. Celiac artery
  2. Cranial mesenteric artery
  3. Caudal mesenteric

First year semester 2 (50 decks)

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