Spinal Reflexes Flashcards
Upper and lower motor neurons diagram:
What is a reflex arc?
A fast, predictable automatic response to a change in the environment or a stimulus.
Reflex arcs have five functional components. What are these?
- Sensory receptor; fires action potential upon stimulus
- Sensory afferent neuron; carries AP to spinal cord (cell body in dorsal root ganglion)
- Integration centre; relays sensory to motor
- Motor neuron; lower motor neurons in ventral horn of spinal cord send their efferent axons to effector organ
- Effector organ (muscle/gland)
What is a monosynaptic reflex?
1 synpase involved (between sensory and motor); rapid
What is a polysynaptic reflex?
2 or more synapses (involves interneuron), slower but more complex
What is the myotatic stretch reflex?
Muscle contraction, in response to stretching (change of length) within the muscle
For the myotatic stretch reflex;
- what is the receptor (that senses a change in length of muscle)?
- what are the functions of this reflex?
- receptor; muscle spindle
- functions:
- Antigravity
- Posture
- Movement
What do muscle spindle receptors detect?
Muscle spindles are skeletal muscle sensory receptors within the body of a muscle that primarily detect changes in the length of this muscle (stretch) –> providing axial and limb position information to the central nervous system
What type of reflex is the ‘patellar tap reflex’ an example of?
Myotatic stretch reflex
Describe the patellar tap reflex steps
- Patellar/quadriceps tendon is tapped; causing stretch of quadriceps muscle
- Muscle spindle receptors sense change in stretch (activation of muscle spindle) and increase firing of 1a afferent fibres to spinal cord (via dorsal horn)
- Afferent terminals synapse directly with and excite the alpha motor neuron (in ventral horn of spinal cord) –> this is a monosynaptic reflex
- Increased alpha motor neurone efferent axon activity
- Contraction of the agonist homonymous muscle (effector muscle) i.e. muscle from which afferent arose
What are 1a afferent fibres?
Sensory afferent fibre coming from muscle spindles
Is the patella tap reflex mono or polysynaptic?
Monosynaptic
Purpose of the patellar tap reflex test?
- Assess the nervous tissue between and including the L2 and L4 segments of the spinal cor
- Assess the integrity of the muscle spindle/1a afferent fibres/efferent fibres
- Assess integrity of neurological function
is the patellar tap reflex ipsilateral or contralateral?
Ipsilateral; same leg that we tap that sends fibres to same side of spinal cord that will send fibres to same leg
What is reciprocal inhibtion?
Reciprocal inhibition describes the relaxation of muscles on one side of a joint to accommodate contraction on the other side.
Describe the antagonist response during the patellar tap reflex (i.e. reciprocal inhibition)
- Tapping the patellar tendon activates the 1a afferent and leads to:
- Direct excitation of the motor neurones innervating agonist (extensor) muscle groups –> causing jerk
- Indirect inhibition via the 1a inhibitory interneuron of motor neurones innervating antagonist (flexor) muscle groups –> In order to decrease the activity of the alpha motor neuron that is going towards hamstring muscle (i.e. decreased firing on flexor/antagonist muscle)
Purpose of the antagonist response in the patellar tap reflex?
In order to decrease the activity of the alpha motor neuron that is going towards hamstring muscle (i.e. decreased firing on flexor/antagonist muscle)
Difference in pathway between agonist and antagonist response of patellar tap reflex (i.e. monosynaptic or polysynaptic)?
Agonist –> monosynaptic (no interneuron)
Antagonist –> polysynaptic (interneuron present)
How is the myotatic stretch reflex used during the addition of a load? e.g. carrying an increasingly heavy tray
- If an additional load is added, the muscle recognises the stretch immediately and can compensate with a stronger contraction.
- This also protects the inhibited antagonist muscles from being injured from excessive stretching.
Describe the pathway during an addition of a load; arm muscle groups
N.B. mention antagonist AND agonist
Addition of load leads to:
- Stretch of the flexor biceps brachii and activation of the 1a afferent fibres
- Direct excitation of agonist (flexor) muscle groups (biceps)
- Indirect inhibition via the 1a inhibitory interneuron of antagonist (extensor) muscle groups (triceps brachii)
What type of stretch is involved in holding a tray of an increasing load?
Myotatic stretch reflex