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Yr 2 - Control > Skin SDL > Flashcards

Skin SDL Flashcards

1
Q

Skin comprises 2 layers. What are these?

A
  1. an outer epithelial layer called the epidermis
  2. an underlying layer of connective tissue called the dermis
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2
Q

What is found deep to the dermis?

A

a layer of loose connective tissue containing variable amounts of fat – the layer we call superficial fascia when dissecting (Sometimes this layer is referred to as the hypodermis or subcutis, and is considered to be part of the skin - some skin appendages may extend into it)

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3
Q

identify these layers and label them in the following diagram

A
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4
Q

Skin is classified as thin or thick, according to the thickness of what?

A

According to the thickness of the epidermis (particularly the outer layer of the epidermis)

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5
Q

In general, does thick or thin skin tend to have hair follicles?

A

In general, thin skin has hair follicles while thick skin is glabrous (non-hairy).

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6
Q

Where is thick skin located in humans?

A

Thick skin is only found on the palms of the hands, and the soles of the feet, locations subjected to considerable abrasion

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7
Q

The epidermis is made up of what type of epithelium?

A

Keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

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8
Q

How many layers of the epidermis are recognised in thick skin? What are they? Write a short sentence for each layer describing the cells it comprises.

A

5:

  1. Basal layer (innermost) = stratum basale
    1. single layer of cuboidal cells
  2. Prickle cell layer = stratum spinosum
    1. multilayer and composed of keratinocytes
  3. Granular layer = stratum granulosum
    1. keratinocytes mature into this layer where they acquire dense, basophilic granules
  4. Stratum lucidum (skin of the sole of foot only)
  5. Keratin layer (outermost) = stratum corneum
    1. towards surface, cells lose their nuclei and cytoplasm and become flattened (comprise the surface coating of skin)
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9
Q

Which layer is very thin or absent from thin skin?

A

Stratum lucidum

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10
Q

There are three types of non-epithelial cells present in the epidermis. What are these?

A
  1. melanocytes; the pigment cells of the skin
  2. Langerhans cells; play an immunological role
  3. Merkel cells; act as mechanoreceptors
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11
Q

What are the 3 main types of skin cancer?

A
  1. Basal cell carcinoma
  2. Squamous cell carcinoma
  3. Malignant melanoma
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12
Q

From which layer does each of the following originate:

  • Basal cell carcinoma
  • Squamous cell carcinoma
  • Malignant melanoma?
A
  • Basal cell carcinoma –> originates in stratum basale
  • Squamous cell carcinoma –> keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum
  • Malignant melanoma –> originates in the melanocytes found in the stratum basale
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13
Q

Which type of skin cancer is least common and most dangerous?

A

Malignant melanoma

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14
Q

What are warts?

A

Papillomas (warts) are the expression of common skin infections by human papillomavirus (HPV) and are transmitted by direct contact.

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15
Q

What are skin appendages?

A
  • Skin-associated structures that serve a particular function
  • During development, a number of downgrowths of the epidermis invade the underlying dermis and hypodermis to form; hairs, arrector pilli, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and nails
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16
Q

Out of sweat glands, sebaceous glands and hair follicles, which of these features are absent from thick skin?

A

The thick skin covering the palms of hands and soles of feet lack all skin appendages except sweat glands.

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17
Q

Out of sweat glands, sebaceous glands and hair follicles, which of these features are involved in the development of acne?

A

Acne is a disorder of the hair follicles and oil glands (sebaceous glands). The sebaceous glands secrete oils (sebum) to keep the skin moist. When the glands get clogged, it can lead to pimples and cysts.

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18
Q

Where are arrector pili muscles located? What is their function?

A
  • Insert at one end into the hair follicle and the other into the dermal papillary area beneath the epidermis
  • When it contracts it causes the hair to stand erect, and a “goosebump” forms on the skin.
19
Q

Innervation of arrector pili muscles?

A

Each is innervated by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

20
Q

Which other structures in the skin are supplied by sympathetic fibres? What are the consequences of stimulating these fibres?

A

Sweat glands –> sympathetic innervation stimulates sweat secretion

21
Q

The epidermis sits on a specialised basement membrane which is tightly bound to the underlying dermis. What is the dermis made up of?

A

The dermis is made up of connective tissue containing irregular bundles of collagen fibres plus networks of elastic fibres.

22
Q

What 2 layers is the dermis subdivided into?

A
  1. loosely woven papillary layer
  2. a deeper, thicker, denser reticular layer
23
Q

Particularly in areas of thick skin that are subject to friction and shearing forces, the epidermis and dermis interdigiate with each other to form what?

A

a series of epidermal downgrowths (rete ridges) and upwardly projecting dermal papillae

24
Q

Which arrangement gives rise to an individual’s fingerprints?

A

the series of epidermal downgrowths (rete ridges) and upwardly projecting dermal papillae

25
Q

What layer of the skin contains the blood and nerve supply?

A

Dermis

26
Q

What is a blister?

A

Any disease which damages the dermo-epidermal junction can lead to separation of the epidermis from the dermis. Initially the space formed between the two layers fills with fluid, leading to blisters.

27
Q

Burns are classified according to the layers of skin that are damaged.

  1. What is damaged in?
  • First degree burns
  • Second degree burns
  • Third degree burns
A
  • First degree burns; Superficial burn that only affect the epidermis
  • Second degree burns; Epidermis is lost, burn has extended past epidermis into dermis
  • Third degree burns; Involves epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissue
28
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

an area of skin in which sensory nerves derive from a single spinal nerve root

29
Q

What do branches of cutaneous nerves form at the base of the dermis?

A

A dermal nerve plexus; Individual fibres then branch into higher levels of the skin, with all terminals of a particular fibre forming the same kind of nerve ending/sensory receptor

30
Q

Cutaneous sensory receptors are classified morphologically into two groups. What are these?

A
  1. Free nerve endings/unencapsulated nerve endings/simple receptors
  2. Encapsulated nerve endings/compound receptors.
31
Q

Free nerve endings:

  • What is the structure of free nerve endings?
  • Myelinated or non-myelinated?
  • What type of receptors are free nerve endings? Which is the most common?
  • Which layer do they occupy?
A
  • Formed by branching terminations of sensory fibers in the skin - devoid of surrounding Schwann cells
  • May be myelinated or non-myelinated
  • Nociceptors (most common), thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors
  • They occupy the papillary dermis and send twigs into the epidermis where:
    • Some associate with Merkel cells
    • Some ramify around hair follicles
32
Q

Some free nerve endings are associated with the shafts of hair follicles. What do they function as here?

A

they function as rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors, firing when the hairs are moved

33
Q

Some free nerve endings are associated with Merkel cells in the basal layer of the epithelium. What do they function as here? What complex is formed?

A

The resulting Merkel cell-neurite complexes act as mechanoreceptors that respond to pressure.

34
Q

What are encapsulated nerve endings?

A
  • The ‘capsules’ are modifications of Schwann cells
  • Encapsulated nerve endings in the skin function as mechanoreceptors.
35
Q

What are 3 examples of encapsulated nerve endings?

A
  1. Pacinian corpuscle
  2. Meissner’s corpuscle
  3. Ruffini endings
36
Q

Pacinian corpuscle:

a) location?
b) speed of adaptation?
c) detects?

A

a) usually found in deep subcutis (particularly numerous in palms and soles)
b) rapidly adapting
c) detection of deep pressure and vibration

37
Q

Meissner corpuscle:

a) location?
b) speed of adaptation?
c) detects?

A

a) papillary dermis of pulps of fingers and toes and soles and palms
b) rapidly adapting
c) touch sensation

38
Q

Ruffini endings:

a) location?
b) speed of adaptation?
c) detects?

A

a) located in the cutaneous tissue between the dermal papillae and the hypodermis
b) slowly adapting
c) detect tension (mechanoreceptor); stretching, shearing

39
Q

Merkel cell-neurite complex:

a) location?
b) speed of adaptation?
c) detects?

A

a) basal layer of the epithelium of the skin and oral mucosa (Dermal epidermal junction)
b) slow-adapting
c) mechanoreceptors; sensitive to sustainted touch and pressure

40
Q

Label the sensory receptors indicated in the following diagram of skin

A
41
Q
  1. Which receptors do you think would be involved in detecting the following?
  • Light stroking
  • Reading Braille
  • A small insect crawling over the skin.
A
  • ???
42
Q

What are Langerhans cells? Where are they located?

A
  • Langerhans cells are tissue-resident macrophages of the skin
  • They are present in all layers of the epidermis and are most prominent in the stratum spinosum.
43
Q

What does a ‘rapidly adapting’ receptor mean?

A

Rapidly adapting receptors respond maximally but briefly to stimuli; their response decreases if the stimulus is maintained.

44
Q

What does a ‘slowly adapting’ receptor mean?

A

Slowly adapting receptors keep firing as long as the stimulus is present.

Yr 2 - Control (71 decks)

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